An arteriovenous fistula is a surgically created connection between an artery and a vein, usually in the arm, to provide long-term vascular access for haemodialysis. The procedure allows a vein to develop sufficiently for repeated dialysis needle placement. Suitability depends on blood vessel quality, ultrasound mapping and the patient's medical condition.
Haemodialysis vascular access surgery creates or maintains a reliable route for blood circulation through a dialysis machine. Options may include an arteriovenous fistula or synthetic graft, depending on individual vessel anatomy. Assessment considers existing vascular access, dialysis requirements, blood flow and the risk of infection or thrombosis.
Peripheral arterial disease occurs when narrowed arteries reduce blood supply to the limbs, particularly the legs. Symptoms may include walking-related calf pain, cold extremities or poorly healing wounds. Management includes vascular assessment, lifestyle changes, cardiovascular risk reduction and procedures such as angioplasty or surgery when clinically indicated.
Endovascular surgery treats selected blood vessel disorders using catheters and specialised instruments introduced through small vascular access points. Imaging helps guide treatment within the affected artery or vein. Procedures may include angioplasty, stenting or other vascular interventions, depending on the diagnosis, anatomy and overall patient risk.
Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that commonly develop in the legs because of abnormal venous valve function. Symptoms may include heaviness, swelling, discomfort or skin changes. Treatment options include compression therapy, lifestyle measures and selected procedures such as endovenous ablation or other vein interventions.
Endovenous laser ablation is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat selected superficial veins affected by venous reflux. Laser energy is delivered through a catheter to close the abnormal vein. Ultrasound assessment helps determine suitability, while treatment planning considers symptoms, vein anatomy and other medical conditions.
Radiofrequency ablation uses controlled heat delivered through a catheter to close selected veins with abnormal blood flow. It is commonly considered for symptomatic superficial venous reflux. The procedure is generally guided by ultrasound, and patient selection depends on vein anatomy, circulation, symptoms and treatment goals.
Deep vein thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms within a deep vein, commonly in the leg. Symptoms may include swelling, pain or warmth, although some patients have no symptoms. Assessment often involves venous ultrasound. Treatment usually includes anticoagulation, with selected severe cases requiring additional specialist intervention.
Peripheral angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to widen selected narrowed or blocked arteries outside the heart. A balloon is inflated within the affected vessel to improve blood flow. The procedure may be considered for severe limb symptoms or circulation-related complications after vascular imaging and clinical assessment.
Peripheral arterial stenting involves placing a small expandable support device within a narrowed artery to help maintain blood flow after vascular intervention. It may be considered for selected peripheral arterial lesions. The decision depends on vessel location, disease extent, symptoms and the expected durability of treatment.
Diabetic foot problems may result from impaired circulation, nerve damage, infection or a combination of factors. Vascular assessment helps identify arterial disease that may interfere with wound healing. Treatment can involve medical management, wound care, infection treatment and selected vascular procedures to improve blood flow.
Carotid artery disease involves narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the brain and may increase stroke risk. Evaluation can include ultrasound and other vascular imaging. Treatment depends on the severity of narrowing, symptoms and overall health, and may involve medication or carefully selected vascular interventions.
An aortic aneurysm is an abnormal enlargement of the aorta, the body's main artery. Evaluation focuses on aneurysm size, location, growth and associated risk factors. Depending on the findings, management may involve monitoring, cardiovascular risk reduction or referral for open or endovascular repair.
Vascular trauma occurs when blood vessels are injured because of accidents, penetrating wounds or other physical damage. Serious injuries may cause bleeding or loss of circulation to an affected limb. Emergency treatment focuses on controlling bleeding, assessing tissue perfusion and repairing damaged vessels when required.
Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when leg veins cannot efficiently return blood toward the heart, often because their valves are damaged. Symptoms may include swelling, heaviness, skin pigmentation or venous ulcers. Treatment can involve compression, exercise and procedures to address significant superficial venous reflux.
Lymphedema is persistent swelling caused by impaired drainage of lymphatic fluid, commonly affecting the arms or legs. Evaluation helps distinguish lymphatic swelling from venous and other causes. Management typically includes compression, specialised physical therapy, skin care and treatment of associated conditions when present.