Coronary artery bypass grafting is a heart operation performed to improve blood supply to the heart muscle when coronary arteries have significant narrowing or blockage. A healthy blood vessel is used to create an alternative route for blood flow. Surgical suitability depends on coronary anatomy, symptoms, heart function and overall medical health.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is performed while the heart continues beating, without routinely using a heart-lung bypass machine. Specialised instruments stabilise the operative area while bypass grafts are attached. This approach may be considered in selected patients after evaluating coronary anatomy, surgical complexity and individual risks.
Aortic valve replacement is used to treat selected cases of severe aortic valve narrowing or leakage. The damaged valve is replaced with a suitable prosthetic valve to improve blood flow from the heart. The choice of valve and procedure depends on age, valve disease, associated conditions and surgical risk.
Mitral valve surgery treats structural abnormalities that interfere with blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. Repair may preserve the patient's own valve, while replacement is considered when repair is unsuitable. Surgical planning depends on echocardiography findings, symptoms, heart function and the valve's anatomy.
Double valve replacement may be required when two heart valves have significant disease that cannot be managed with repair or medication alone. The operation addresses abnormal blood flow and may improve symptoms related to severe valve dysfunction. Preoperative assessment includes cardiac imaging, general health evaluation and discussion of surgical risks.
Heart transplantation replaces a severely failing heart with a suitable donor heart in carefully selected patients. It may be considered when advanced heart failure persists despite appropriate medical and other treatment. Evaluation includes heart function, other organ health, eligibility for transplantation and readiness for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy and follow-up.
Advanced heart failure occurs when the heart cannot adequately meet the body's circulatory needs despite appropriate treatment. Surgical evaluation may consider correction of underlying heart disease, mechanical circulatory support or transplantation in selected patients. The approach depends on cardiac function, associated conditions and specialist multidisciplinary assessment.
An aortic aneurysm is an abnormal enlargement of part of the body's main artery. Surgery may be recommended when the aneurysm reaches a concerning size, grows rapidly or causes symptoms. Treatment may involve open repair or selected endovascular approaches, depending on anatomy, location and patient-specific risks.
Aortic dissection occurs when a tear develops in the inner layer of the aortic wall. It can cause sudden severe chest or back pain and may become life-threatening. Emergency assessment and imaging are essential. Treatment may require urgent surgery or carefully monitored medical management depending on the location and severity.
Peripheral vascular surgery addresses selected disorders affecting blood vessels outside the heart, particularly arteries supplying the limbs. Conditions may cause walking-related leg pain, poor circulation or tissue injury. Evaluation includes clinical examination and vascular imaging. Treatment may involve medication, risk-factor management or revascularisation procedures when appropriate.
Minimally invasive valve surgery uses smaller surgical access routes for selected heart valve operations. Potential benefits and limitations vary depending on the procedure and individual patient. Suitability is assessed using cardiac imaging, valve anatomy, prior surgical history and overall health. Some patients require conventional open surgery instead.
An atrial septal defect is an opening in the wall between the heart's upper chambers. Certain defects require closure to reduce abnormal blood flow and related complications. While some can be treated using catheter-based techniques, others require surgery. Treatment depends on the size, position and associated heart abnormalities.
A ventricular septal defect is an opening between the heart's lower chambers. Surgical repair may be recommended when the defect causes significant abnormal blood flow or complications. Evaluation includes echocardiography, symptoms and cardiac function. Timing and technique depend on the defect and the patient's clinical condition.
Redo coronary bypass surgery is a repeat heart operation considered when a patient develops significant coronary disease or graft-related problems after earlier bypass surgery. Previous surgical changes can make the procedure more complex. Assessment involves coronary imaging, heart function evaluation and comparison with alternative treatment options.
Cardiac tumours are abnormal growths located within the heart or involving its surrounding structures. Some are benign, while others may be malignant. Surgery may be considered when a tumour affects blood flow or cardiac function or creates other risks. Treatment planning depends on imaging, tumour characteristics and overall health.
Cardiothoracic surgical consultation evaluates conditions of the heart, major blood vessels and selected structures within the chest that may require an operation. Assessment involves reviewing symptoms, imaging, previous treatment and overall medical fitness. The surgeon discusses whether surgery is indicated and explains available approaches and associated risks.