Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that develop within the urinary system and may cause severe flank pain, blood in the urine or urinary obstruction. Treatment depends on stone size, location and symptoms. Options include observation, medication, shock wave lithotripsy or minimally invasive surgical procedures.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure commonly used to remove large or complex kidney stones. The surgeon accesses the kidney through a small incision in the back and removes stone fragments using specialised instruments. Suitability depends on stone characteristics, kidney anatomy and overall patient health.
Retrograde intrarenal surgery is an endoscopic technique used to treat selected kidney stones without making an external incision. A flexible ureteroscope is passed through the natural urinary passage to reach the kidney, where laser energy may break stones into smaller fragments. Recovery varies according to stone complexity and clinical condition.
Laser lithotripsy uses controlled laser energy delivered through an endoscope to fragment stones within the urinary tract. It is commonly performed during ureteroscopy or retrograde intrarenal surgery. The procedure may help manage stones that cannot pass naturally, with treatment selection based on imaging and clinical assessment.
Ureteroscopy uses a small endoscope passed through the urethra and bladder to examine the ureter and manage selected urinary stones. Stones may be removed directly or fragmented using laser technology. A temporary ureteric stent may be required in some patients to support urine drainage during recovery.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that may cause frequent urination, weak urinary flow and difficulty emptying the bladder. Treatment may involve medication, lifestyle modifications or surgical procedures. The approach depends on symptom severity, prostate size and associated urinary complications.
Laser prostate surgery treats selected patients with urinary obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate. Different laser techniques remove or reduce obstructing prostate tissue through the urinary passage. This may improve urinary flow while avoiding an external incision. Surgical suitability depends on prostate anatomy and individual risk factors.
Transurethral resection of the prostate is a surgical treatment for selected cases of benign prostate enlargement. A specialised instrument is passed through the urethra to remove tissue obstructing urinary flow. The procedure may improve urinary symptoms, although possible complications and alternative approaches should be discussed before surgery.
Robotic-assisted urological surgery uses surgeon-controlled robotic instruments to perform selected complex operations through small incisions. It may be employed in kidney, prostate and bladder procedures when appropriate. The surgeon controls the instruments throughout the operation, and suitability depends on the diagnosis, surgical objectives and available expertise.
Laparoscopic urological surgery uses a camera and specialised instruments inserted through small abdominal incisions. It may be used for selected kidney, ureter and other urinary tract operations. Compared with open surgery, it can offer smaller incisions, although recovery and complication risks depend on the procedure.
Surgical treatment for kidney cancer may involve removing a tumour while preserving healthy kidney tissue through partial nephrectomy, or removing the kidney when clinically necessary. Open, laparoscopic or robotic techniques may be considered. Decisions depend on tumour size, location, cancer stage and remaining kidney function.
Bladder cancer treatment may involve endoscopic removal of tumours, intravesical therapy or more extensive surgery depending on cancer stage and risk. Urological assessment includes cystoscopy, imaging and pathological evaluation. Treatment planning aims to control cancer while considering urinary function and overall patient health.
Prostate cancer surgery may be considered for selected patients with localised or otherwise surgically treatable disease. Radical prostatectomy removes the prostate gland and may be performed using open or minimally invasive techniques. Treatment decisions consider cancer characteristics, life expectancy, urinary function and possible side effects.
A vesicovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the bladder and vagina that can cause continuous urinary leakage. Surgical repair aims to close the abnormal passage and restore bladder function. The operative approach depends on fistula location, size, surrounding tissue condition and previous treatments.
Ureteric reimplantation is a reconstructive surgical procedure that reconnects a ureter to the bladder. It may be required for selected ureteric injuries, strictures or anatomical abnormalities affecting normal urine drainage. The procedure can be performed using different surgical techniques according to the underlying condition.
Circumcision involves removing the foreskin covering the head of the penis. It may be recommended for selected patients with pathological phimosis, recurrent foreskin inflammation or other medical indications. Treatment alternatives and surgical risks should be discussed with a urologist before proceeding.