Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys and may cause severe pain, blood in the urine, nausea, or urinary obstruction. Treatment depends on stone size, location, symptoms, and kidney function. Management may include medication, observation, or procedures to remove or fragment larger stones.
Ureteric stones develop when kidney stones enter the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder. They can cause intense flank pain, urinary difficulties, or infection. Treatment may involve medication, ureteroscopy, laser fragmentation, or temporary ureteric stenting depending on the stone's size, location, and associated complications.
Endourology uses specialised instruments and endoscopes to diagnose and treat conditions inside the urinary tract. Procedures can help manage stones, blockages, and selected urinary abnormalities through natural urinary passages or small incisions. The technique chosen depends on the affected organ, disease characteristics, and the patient's overall health.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that can cause frequent urination, weak urine flow, nighttime urination, and incomplete bladder emptying. Treatment ranges from lifestyle measures and medication to surgical procedures when symptoms are severe, persistent, or associated with complications such as urinary retention.
TURP is an endoscopic surgical procedure used to relieve urinary obstruction caused by benign prostate enlargement. A specialised instrument is inserted through the urethra to remove obstructing prostate tissue. It may be considered when medication is insufficient or complications develop. Recovery and risks depend on individual health factors.
HoLEP is a laser-based procedure used to remove prostate tissue obstructing urine flow in patients with benign prostate enlargement. It is performed through the urethra without an external incision. The procedure may be suitable for patients with larger prostates or significant urinary symptoms, following specialist assessment and appropriate investigations.
Urethral stricture occurs when scar tissue narrows the urethra, making urination difficult. Symptoms may include a weak urinary stream, straining, recurrent infections, and incomplete bladder emptying. Treatment options include endoscopic incision, dilation, or reconstructive surgery. The preferred approach depends on the narrowing's location, length, and recurrence history.
Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy is an endoscopic procedure that uses a specialised instrument to incise scar tissue causing a urethral narrowing. It may be considered for selected short urethral strictures. Recurrence is possible, and patients with complex or repeated strictures may require other approaches, including reconstructive surgery.
Kidney cancer develops when abnormal cells grow within kidney tissue. It may be detected incidentally during imaging or investigated after symptoms such as blood in the urine or persistent flank discomfort. Management depends on tumour characteristics and staging and may involve surveillance, surgery, or additional cancer-directed treatment.
Bladder cancer commonly presents with blood in the urine, although some patients experience urinary frequency or discomfort. Evaluation may include urine testing, imaging, and cystoscopy. Treatment depends on cancer grade and stage and may include endoscopic tumour removal, bladder-directed therapy, or more extensive treatment when clinically indicated.
Prostate cancer is a malignancy affecting the prostate gland. Assessment may involve PSA testing, clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy when indicated. Treatment depends on cancer risk, stage, symptoms, and patient preferences. Options may include active surveillance, surgery, radiotherapy, systemic treatment, or a combination of approaches.
Hematuria refers to blood in the urine and may occur because of infections, urinary stones, prostate conditions, kidney disorders, or urinary tract tumours. Evaluation is important, particularly when bleeding is visible or persistent. Investigations may include urine tests, imaging, and cystoscopy to identify the underlying cause and guide treatment.
Bladder disorders can cause urinary urgency, frequent urination, pain, incomplete emptying, or difficulty controlling urine. Assessment begins with symptom history, examination, and selected investigations. Treatment varies according to the underlying cause and may involve behavioural changes, medication, bladder training, or specialist procedures when necessary.
A hydrocele is a collection of fluid surrounding a testicle that causes swelling of the scrotum. Small, painless hydroceles may be monitored, while persistent or uncomfortable swelling may require surgical treatment. Examination and ultrasound can help distinguish a hydrocele from other conditions affecting the testicles or surrounding tissues.