Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that develop in the kidneys or urinary tract. They may cause severe flank pain, blood in the urine and difficulty urinating. Treatment depends on stone size, location and symptoms and may include medication, observation or procedures to remove or fragment the stones.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that may cause frequent urination, weak urine flow and difficulty emptying the bladder. Evaluation may include symptom assessment, urine tests and prostate examination. Treatment options include medication, minimally invasive procedures or surgery when clinically indicated.
Kidney tumours are abnormal growths that may be benign or malignant. Some are discovered incidentally during imaging, while others may cause blood in the urine or discomfort. Evaluation can involve ultrasound, CT or MRI. Management depends on tumour characteristics, kidney function and the patient's overall health.
Bladder tumours develop from abnormal cells within the bladder and may cause visible or microscopic blood in the urine. Diagnostic evaluation often includes cystoscopy, imaging and tissue examination. Treatment may involve endoscopic tumour removal, intravesical therapy or more extensive treatment depending on the disease stage.
Reconstructive urological surgery addresses structural abnormalities, injuries or narrowing within the urinary tract. Procedures may be considered for urethral strictures, urinary tract injuries or selected congenital conditions. Surgical planning depends on the affected anatomy, severity of the condition and individual patient requirements.
Robotic-assisted urological surgery uses surgeon-controlled instruments introduced through small incisions for selected procedures involving urinary tract organs. It may offer improved instrument manoeuvrability in certain operations. Suitability depends on the diagnosis, complexity, patient condition and the expertise and equipment available at the hospital.
Paediatric urology focuses on urinary and genital conditions affecting infants, children and adolescents. Common concerns include urinary obstruction, undescended testes and congenital urinary tract abnormalities. Evaluation and treatment are adapted to the child's age, development and specific diagnosis, sometimes requiring collaboration with other paediatric specialists.
Ureteroscopy involves passing a thin instrument through the urinary tract to examine or treat stones in the ureter or kidney. Laser lithotripsy may be used to fragment stones into smaller pieces. The procedure is selected according to stone size, position, urinary anatomy and clinical circumstances.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive operation used primarily for large or complex kidney stones. The surgeon accesses the kidney through a small opening in the back and uses specialised instruments to remove stones. The procedure requires appropriate imaging, anaesthesia and postoperative monitoring.
A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It may cause weak urine flow, straining or repeated infections. Treatment may involve dilation, internal urethrotomy or reconstructive surgery depending on the stricture's characteristics.
Urinary tract obstruction occurs when urine flow is partially or completely blocked. Causes include stones, prostate enlargement, strictures and tumours. Investigation may involve urine tests, kidney function tests and imaging. Urgent drainage may be needed when obstruction causes infection or impaired kidney function.
Prostate cancer develops when abnormal cells grow within the prostate gland. Evaluation may involve prostate-specific antigen testing, clinical examination, MRI and biopsy when indicated. Management depends on cancer grade, stage, patient age and overall health, and can include surveillance, surgery, radiotherapy or systemic treatment.