Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys and may cause severe flank pain, blood in the urine or urinary obstruction. Treatment depends on stone size, location and associated complications. Options may include observation, medication, shock wave lithotripsy or minimally invasive surgical removal.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used primarily for large or complex kidney stones. A small access tract is created through the back to reach the kidney and remove stone fragments. PCNL may be recommended when other stone treatments are unlikely to achieve adequate clearance.
Retrograde intrarenal surgery is a minimally invasive technique used to treat selected kidney stones. A flexible ureteroscope is passed through the natural urinary passage into the kidney, where a laser may fragment stones. The suitability of RIRS depends on stone size, position, anatomy and patient-related factors.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a non-invasive treatment that uses externally generated shock waves to break selected urinary stones into smaller fragments. These fragments may subsequently pass through the urinary tract. ESWL suitability depends on stone characteristics, anatomical factors and the patient's medical condition.
Ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy treats stones located within the ureter and selected parts of the urinary tract. A narrow endoscope is passed through the urinary passage to locate the stone, which can then be fragmented using laser energy. The procedure avoids an external surgical incision in most cases.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that can cause weak urine flow, frequent urination and difficulty emptying the bladder. Management may involve medication, lifestyle measures or surgical procedures. Treatment selection depends on symptom severity, prostate size and associated urinary complications.
Transurethral resection of the prostate is a surgical procedure used to relieve urinary obstruction caused by benign prostate enlargement. An instrument is passed through the urethra to remove obstructing prostate tissue. TURP may be considered when medication is insufficient or complications develop.
Laser prostate surgery uses focused laser energy to remove or reduce enlarged prostate tissue that obstructs urinary flow. Different techniques may include laser enucleation or vaporisation. The choice of procedure depends on prostate size, bleeding risk, medical conditions and the availability of suitable equipment.
Laparoscopic urological surgery involves performing selected operations through small abdominal incisions using a camera and specialised instruments. It may be used for certain kidney, ureteric and other urological conditions. Potential benefits include smaller incisions and reduced postoperative discomfort, although suitability varies by procedure and patient.
Urethroplasty is reconstructive surgery used to treat narrowing of the urethra caused by scar tissue. Depending on the stricture, surgery may involve removing the narrowed segment or reconstructing the urethra using tissue grafts. The objective is to restore urinary flow and reduce recurrent obstruction.
Paediatric urology focuses on urinary tract and related genital conditions affecting infants and children. Conditions may include urinary obstruction, undescended testes, hypospadias and congenital urinary abnormalities. Evaluation involves age-appropriate investigations, while treatment may range from observation to corrective surgery depending on the diagnosis.
Urological cancer surgery may be required for selected cancers affecting the kidneys, bladder, prostate, testes or other urinary and reproductive organs. Procedures vary according to tumour type, stage and patient health. Surgical decisions are generally made following diagnostic investigations and multidisciplinary cancer assessment.
Transurethral resection of bladder tumour is an endoscopic procedure used to diagnose and remove visible bladder tumours. Surgical instruments are introduced through the urethra without an external incision. Removed tissue is examined to determine tumour characteristics and guide further treatment, which may include additional procedures or intravesical therapy.
Renal transplantation involves surgically placing a healthy donor kidney into a patient with kidney failure. The process requires donor and recipient evaluation, specialist surgical planning and long-term immunosuppressive treatment. Transplant surgery is performed within a multidisciplinary programme involving transplant surgeons, nephrologists and other healthcare professionals.
Urinary incontinence refers to involuntary urine leakage and may result from bladder dysfunction, pelvic floor problems or other medical conditions. Evaluation helps identify the type and cause. Treatment may include pelvic floor therapy, medication, behavioural strategies or selected surgical procedures when appropriate.
Diagnostic cystoscopy is a procedure in which a thin instrument with a camera is passed through the urethra to examine the bladder and urethral lining. It may be recommended for blood in the urine, recurrent urinary symptoms or suspected bladder abnormalities. Findings help guide further investigation and treatment.