Diagnostic bronchoscopy is a procedure used to examine the airways and investigate respiratory conditions such as persistent cough, unexplained lung abnormalities, infections and suspected airway obstruction. A flexible bronchoscope is passed into the respiratory tract to visualise the airways. Tissue samples or respiratory secretions may be collected when clinically indicated.
Interventional bronchoscopy involves specialised techniques used to diagnose or manage selected conditions affecting the airways and lungs. Depending on the clinical findings, procedures may involve tissue sampling, assessment of airway narrowing or therapeutic interventions. These procedures require specialist training and are planned after appropriate clinical evaluation and imaging investigations.
Endobronchial ultrasound combines bronchoscopy with ultrasound imaging to examine structures near the airways, including lymph nodes and selected lung lesions. EBUS-guided needle sampling can help diagnose conditions such as lung cancer, sarcoidosis and certain infections. It provides a minimally invasive approach to obtaining diagnostic samples in appropriately selected patients.
Medical thoracoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to examine the pleural space surrounding the lungs. It may be recommended for patients with unexplained pleural effusion or suspected pleural disease. The procedure allows direct visual examination and collection of pleural tissue samples, helping specialists establish a diagnosis and plan suitable treatment.
Lung ultrasound is a bedside imaging technique used to evaluate selected lung and pleural abnormalities. It may help identify pleural fluid, certain patterns of lung consolidation and other respiratory findings. Ultrasound does not use ionising radiation and can support clinical assessment, particularly in critically ill patients or those requiring repeated bedside monitoring.
Obstructive sleep apnoea is a sleep-related breathing disorder caused by repeated narrowing or collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Symptoms may include loud snoring, disturbed sleep and daytime tiredness. Assessment may involve sleep testing, followed by treatment such as positive airway pressure therapy, lifestyle measures or other interventions based on severity.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is commonly used to manage obstructive sleep apnoea. A machine delivers pressurised air through a mask to help keep the airway open during sleep. Treatment involves choosing suitable equipment, adjusting pressure settings when needed and monitoring comfort, adherence and response to therapy.
COPD is a chronic respiratory condition that causes persistent airflow limitation and may result in breathlessness, cough and reduced exercise tolerance. Management typically involves inhaled medication, smoking cessation where relevant, vaccination, pulmonary rehabilitation and monitoring of lung function. Treatment is tailored to symptom severity, exacerbation history and individual clinical findings.
Respiratory allergy evaluation helps identify allergic conditions that may contribute to cough, wheezing or breathing difficulties. Assessment includes symptom history, possible environmental triggers and selected allergy investigations when appropriate. Treatment may involve allergen avoidance, prescribed medication and ongoing management of associated respiratory conditions such as allergic asthma.
Respiratory critical care focuses on patients experiencing severe breathing difficulties or life-threatening lung conditions. Management may involve oxygen therapy, respiratory monitoring, non-invasive ventilation or invasive mechanical ventilation when required. Treatment is delivered through a multidisciplinary critical care team, with decisions guided by the patient's clinical condition and response.
COVID-19 can cause respiratory symptoms ranging from mild cough to severe pneumonia and respiratory failure. Patients with significant breathing problems may require oxygen monitoring, imaging, medication or hospital-based respiratory support. Follow-up assessment may also be needed for persistent respiratory symptoms after infection, depending on their severity and duration.
Pleural effusion occurs when excess fluid accumulates between the layers surrounding the lungs. It may cause breathlessness, chest discomfort or cough. Evaluation may include chest imaging, ultrasound and pleural fluid analysis. Depending on the underlying cause, management may involve treating the associated condition, fluid drainage or additional diagnostic procedures.
Lung infections can involve the airways or lung tissue and may present with fever, cough, sputum production and breathing difficulty. Diagnosis may require clinical examination, imaging, laboratory investigations and selected respiratory samples. Treatment depends on the suspected organism, disease severity and the patient's underlying health conditions.
Sleep-related breathing disorders can interfere with normal breathing patterns during sleep and may contribute to poor sleep quality, fatigue and cardiovascular health concerns. Assessment begins with a detailed sleep history and may include overnight sleep testing. Management depends on the specific disorder and may involve positive airway pressure devices or other targeted interventions.