Diagnostic bronchoscopy is a procedure used to examine the airways using a thin flexible or rigid instrument with a camera. It may help investigate persistent cough, abnormal imaging findings, airway obstruction or suspected infection. Samples can be collected for laboratory examination when clinically indicated.
Therapeutic bronchoscopy is used to treat selected conditions affecting the trachea and bronchi. Procedures may include removal of airway secretions, foreign bodies or obstructing tissue, as well as treatment of airway narrowing. Suitability depends on airway anatomy, disease severity and patient stability.
Endobronchial Ultrasound combines bronchoscopy with ultrasound imaging to examine structures around the airways. It is commonly used to evaluate enlarged chest lymph nodes and assist with tissue sampling. EBUS can help investigate suspected lung cancer, certain infections and other mediastinal conditions.
Transbronchial Needle Aspiration obtains tissue or cell samples from selected structures near the airways using a needle passed through a bronchoscope. It may be performed with ultrasound guidance. The samples can help diagnose infections, inflammatory conditions and certain cancers.
Medical thoracoscopy uses an endoscope introduced into the pleural space to examine the lining around the lungs. It may be recommended for unexplained pleural effusion or suspected pleural disease. The procedure can allow direct visualisation, tissue biopsy and selected therapeutic interventions.
Airway stenting involves placing a specialised tube inside a narrowed or obstructed airway to help maintain airflow. It may be considered for selected patients with airway compression or strictures. Detailed assessment is required because stents can cause complications and may need further monitoring or intervention.
Airway tumour debulking involves reducing obstructing tumour tissue within the airway using specialised bronchoscopic techniques. It may help relieve breathing difficulties in selected cases. The procedure is often part of a multidisciplinary treatment plan and does not necessarily replace definitive cancer treatment.
Severe asthma involves persistent symptoms or attacks despite appropriate conventional treatment. Specialist evaluation reviews inhaler technique, treatment adherence, environmental triggers and inflammatory characteristics. Additional therapies may be considered for eligible patients, including selected biologic medicines and other personalised approaches.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a long-term lung condition characterised by airflow limitation, breathlessness and sometimes chronic cough. Management may include inhaled medication, smoking cessation, vaccinations, pulmonary rehabilitation and oxygen therapy for selected patients. Treatment is adjusted according to symptoms and disease severity.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis occurs when tuberculosis bacteria are resistant to one or more standard medicines. Treatment requires appropriate laboratory testing and specialised multidrug regimens based on current guidelines. Careful monitoring is needed to assess effectiveness, manage side effects and support treatment completion.
Interstitial lung diseases are a group of disorders affecting the tissues surrounding the air sacs of the lungs. Symptoms may include progressive breathlessness and dry cough. Evaluation can involve lung function tests, high-resolution CT imaging and additional investigations, with treatment tailored to the underlying cause.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition involving abnormal widening of the airways, often causing recurrent infections and mucus production. Management may include airway clearance techniques, appropriate antibiotics, vaccinations and treatment of underlying conditions. Regular follow-up helps assess symptoms and prevent exacerbations.
Pulmonary hypertension involves elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation and can cause breathlessness, fatigue and reduced exercise capacity. Evaluation may include echocardiography, imaging and specialised investigations. Treatment depends on the type and underlying cause, with some patients requiring care in specialised pulmonary hypertension centres.
Obstructive sleep apnoea involves repeated narrowing or collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Symptoms may include loud snoring, witnessed breathing pauses and daytime sleepiness. Diagnosis commonly involves sleep testing, with treatment options including positive airway pressure therapy and other interventions selected according to severity.
Sleep studies help identify breathing disturbances and other abnormalities during sleep. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure therapy uses controlled air pressure to keep the airway open in selected patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Effective treatment requires appropriate device settings, mask fitting and follow-up monitoring.
Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs cannot adequately oxygenate blood or remove carbon dioxide. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve oxygen, non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation or specialised critical care support. Severe cases require prompt hospital-based assessment and treatment.