Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway condition that can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and breathlessness. Management involves assessing symptom control, identifying triggers, using appropriate inhaled medication and monitoring lung function. Treatment plans are adjusted according to disease severity and individual patient needs.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causes persistent airflow limitation, commonly associated with smoking or exposure to harmful particles. Management may include bronchodilator inhalers, smoking cessation, vaccination, pulmonary rehabilitation and oxygen therapy when indicated. Regular assessment helps reduce exacerbation risk and improve daily functioning.
Interstitial lung disease describes a group of conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the lung's air sacs. Evaluation may involve high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests and additional investigations. Treatment depends on the underlying disease and may include anti-inflammatory or antifibrotic medication.
Pulmonary fibrosis involves scarring of lung tissue, which can gradually impair oxygen transfer and breathing. Management depends on the cause and may include antifibrotic treatment, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and monitoring. Early assessment helps determine disease progression and appropriate care.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagnosis may require sputum testing, molecular investigations and chest imaging. Treatment involves a prescribed combination of anti-tuberculosis medicines, with monitoring for adherence, adverse effects and response to therapy.
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation within the lungs. Symptoms may include fever, cough, chest discomfort and breathlessness. Treatment depends on the cause and severity and may involve antimicrobial medicines, oxygen support, fluid management and hospitalisation for severe illness.
Bronchoscopy uses a flexible instrument with a camera to examine the airways. It may help investigate persistent respiratory symptoms, suspected infection, airway abnormalities or unexplained imaging findings. Tissue or fluid samples can be collected when clinically appropriate.
Medical thoracoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to examine the pleural space surrounding the lungs. It may be performed to investigate unexplained pleural effusions or obtain tissue samples. The procedure is selected according to the patient's condition and diagnostic requirements.
A lung biopsy involves obtaining tissue for laboratory examination when imaging and other investigations do not establish a diagnosis. Samples may be collected through bronchoscopic, needle-based or surgical techniques. The approach depends on the location of the abnormality and procedural risk.
Pleural effusion occurs when excess fluid accumulates between the lung and chest wall. Evaluation aims to identify the underlying cause, which may include infection, malignancy or systemic disease. Treatment can involve medication, fluid drainage or further pleural procedures when necessary.
Interventional airway procedures may be used to evaluate or manage selected airway obstructions and abnormalities. Depending on the diagnosis, treatment can involve bronchoscopic techniques, tissue sampling or therapeutic intervention. Careful assessment is required to determine the safest and most appropriate approach.
Acute respiratory failure occurs when the lungs cannot maintain adequate oxygenation or carbon dioxide removal. Treatment requires urgent assessment of the underlying cause and may involve oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation or invasive mechanical ventilation in a critical care setting.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe inflammatory lung condition that can develop following infection, sepsis or other serious illnesses. Management commonly requires intensive care, lung-protective ventilation and treatment of the underlying cause, with additional supportive measures according to severity.
Mechanical ventilation supports breathing when a critically ill patient cannot maintain adequate respiratory function independently. Ventilator settings are individualised according to lung mechanics, oxygenation and the underlying illness. Continuous monitoring helps guide treatment and determine readiness for ventilator weaning.
Sepsis is a life-threatening response to infection that can cause organ dysfunction. Septic shock involves severe circulatory abnormalities requiring urgent treatment. Management may include antimicrobial therapy, intravenous fluids, vasopressor support and intensive monitoring, alongside identification and control of the infection source.
Critical care ultrasound provides bedside imaging to support assessment of the lungs, heart and circulatory system in critically ill patients. It can help clinicians evaluate fluid status, identify selected complications and guide procedures. Findings are interpreted alongside clinical examination and other investigations.