Premature babies are born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy and may require specialised medical care because their organs are still developing. Management may involve temperature regulation, respiratory support, nutritional assistance, infection prevention and developmental monitoring. Extremely premature infants often require intensive care in a neonatal intensive care unit.
Extremely low birth weight babies weigh less than 1,000 grams at birth and often need specialised neonatal intensive care. Treatment focuses on breathing support, nutrition, maintaining body temperature, fluid balance and infection prevention. Continuous monitoring and follow-up help healthcare teams identify complications associated with extreme prematurity and support growth and development.
Neonatal endotracheal intubation involves placing a breathing tube into a newborn's airway to provide respiratory support. It may be necessary for severe breathing difficulties, respiratory failure or certain emergency situations. The procedure is performed by trained neonatal professionals, with careful monitoring of oxygen levels, ventilation and the infant's clinical condition.
Umbilical catheterisation is used in neonatal intensive care to obtain vascular access through the umbilical cord. Venous catheters may deliver fluids, medicines and nutrition, while arterial catheters support blood pressure monitoring and blood sampling. These procedures require appropriate placement verification, sterile techniques and monitoring for potential complications.
A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) provides longer-term intravenous access for newborns requiring medication, fluids or specialised nutrition. It is particularly useful for premature infants who may need ongoing intensive treatment. Catheter placement and maintenance require sterile techniques, position confirmation and careful monitoring for infection or other complications.
Surfactant therapy is used for selected premature newborns with respiratory distress syndrome caused by insufficient natural lung surfactant. The treatment helps reduce surface tension inside the lungs and supports breathing. Administration techniques vary according to the infant's condition and require specialist neonatal assessment, respiratory monitoring and appropriate intensive care support.
Exchange transfusion is a specialised neonatal procedure that may be considered for severe newborn jaundice or certain blood disorders when other treatments are insufficient. Small amounts of the baby's blood are replaced with compatible donor blood. The procedure requires intensive monitoring because it carries significant risks and is reserved for specific clinical indications.
Total parenteral nutrition delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream when a newborn cannot receive sufficient nutrition through the digestive system. It may be required for critically ill or extremely premature infants. Careful calculation of nutrients, fluid balance, blood glucose and electrolytes is necessary, with regular monitoring for metabolic and catheter-related complications.
Neonatal cranial ultrasound is an imaging examination used to assess a newborn's brain through the soft spot of the skull. It is particularly valuable in premature infants for detecting conditions such as intraventricular haemorrhage and certain structural abnormalities. The examination is non-invasive and can often be performed at the bedside.
Functional neonatal echocardiography uses ultrasound to evaluate the heart's structure and circulatory function in newborns. It can assist in assessing selected cardiovascular abnormalities, blood flow and haemodynamic problems in critically ill infants. Findings are interpreted alongside the baby's clinical condition and may require further evaluation by a paediatric cardiologist.
Peritoneal dialysis is a specialised treatment that may be used for selected newborns with severe kidney dysfunction or fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Dialysis fluid is introduced into the abdominal cavity to help remove waste products and excess fluid. Treatment requires careful neonatal monitoring and assessment of potential complications.
Paediatric intensive care provides continuous monitoring and advanced treatment for critically ill children. Patients may require respiratory support, intravenous medication, haemodynamic monitoring and coordinated specialist care. Mechanical ventilation can assist children who cannot maintain adequate breathing independently. Treatment is determined by the underlying illness and the child's clinical condition.
Severe childhood pneumonia is a lung infection that can cause fever, cough, rapid breathing, low oxygen levels and respiratory distress. Hospital management may involve oxygen therapy, appropriate antimicrobial treatment, hydration and careful monitoring. Children with severe complications may require intensive care or ventilatory support depending on their condition.
Prolonged seizures are medical emergencies that require prompt assessment and treatment to reduce the risk of complications. Management focuses on stabilising breathing and circulation, administering appropriate antiseizure medicines and investigating possible causes. Children with persistent or recurrent seizures may require hospital admission, continuous monitoring and specialist neurological evaluation.
Childhood immunisation helps protect infants and children against vaccine-preventable diseases. A paediatric consultation may include reviewing previous vaccinations, advising on age-appropriate immunisation schedules and discussing recommended catch-up vaccines. Preventive care also includes monitoring growth, development, nutrition and general child health according to individual needs.
Babies discharged from neonatal intensive care, particularly premature and low birth weight infants, may require structured follow-up. Assessment can include growth, feeding, development, neurological function, hearing and vision. Early identification of developmental concerns allows timely referral for appropriate interventions and supports long-term health monitoring.