Newborn care focuses on assessing an infant's health during the first 28 days after birth. Clinical evaluation includes feeding, weight changes, temperature, breathing, jaundice and general physical development. Routine newborn follow-up helps identify concerns early and provides parents with guidance on feeding, hygiene, sleep safety and preventive healthcare.
Premature babies are born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy and may require specialised support because some organs are still developing. Care may involve respiratory monitoring, temperature control, feeding assistance and growth assessment. Follow-up is individualised according to gestational age, birth weight, medical complications and developmental progress.
High-risk neonatal care addresses newborns with complications related to prematurity, low birth weight, infection, breathing difficulties or other medical conditions. Assessment and treatment may require specialised neonatal monitoring and hospital-based support. The care plan depends on the baby's clinical stability, diagnosis and need for multidisciplinary neonatal services.
Neonatal intensive care supports critically ill or medically vulnerable newborns who require continuous monitoring and specialised treatment. Depending on the condition, care may include oxygen therapy, breathing assistance, intravenous nutrition, infection management and feeding support. Such treatment is provided by trained neonatal teams in appropriately equipped hospital units.
Vaccination helps protect children against serious infectious diseases by stimulating the immune system. A paediatric vaccination consultation reviews the child's age, medical history and previous immunisations to plan an appropriate schedule. Recommendations follow relevant national guidance and individual circumstances, including catch-up vaccination when indicated.
Growth and development monitoring assesses a child's physical growth, movement, communication, learning and age-appropriate skills. Measurements such as weight, height and head circumference are interpreted using suitable growth charts. Developmental screening may help identify concerns that require further evaluation, supportive intervention or specialist referral.
Paediatric nutrition counselling helps families address feeding patterns, dietary balance and age-appropriate nutritional requirements. Assessment may include reviewing breastfeeding, complementary feeding, food variety, growth and nutritional deficiencies. Recommendations are individualised according to the child's age, health condition, growth pattern and family circumstances.
Neonatal jaundice causes yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin levels. Assessment may use a transcutaneous bilirubinometer or blood testing when necessary. Treatment depends on the infant's age, bilirubin level and risk factors. Some newborns require phototherapy or more intensive medical treatment.
Newborn hearing screening aims to identify possible hearing impairment early in life. Otoacoustic emission testing is one method used to assess the response of the inner ear to sound. Babies who do not pass an initial screening require appropriate follow-up testing to determine whether hearing loss is present.
Newborn metabolic screening checks for selected inherited metabolic, endocrine or other disorders that may not be obvious immediately after birth. Testing commonly uses a small blood sample collected during the newborn period. The conditions included depend on the available screening panel, and abnormal results require confirmatory investigations.
Pulse oximetry screening measures oxygen saturation and can help identify some critical congenital heart defects in newborns. It is used alongside routine clinical examination rather than as a replacement for a complete cardiac assessment. Abnormal screening results require additional evaluation, which may include echocardiography and specialist consultation.
Childhood asthma is an inflammatory airway condition that can cause recurrent wheezing, coughing, breathlessness and chest tightness. Evaluation considers symptoms, triggers, examination findings and age-appropriate investigations. Treatment may include inhaled medication, family education, trigger management and regular monitoring to support symptom control.
Allergies in children may involve the skin, respiratory system, digestive tract or other organs. Common symptoms include recurrent sneezing, rashes, wheezing or reactions after exposure to particular substances. Assessment focuses on clinical history and appropriate testing when indicated, with treatment based on the suspected allergen and symptom severity.
Recurrent fever in children may occur due to repeated infections or less common medical conditions. Evaluation considers the fever pattern, associated symptoms, growth and general health. Investigations are selected according to clinical findings. Treatment focuses on identifying the cause rather than automatically prescribing antibiotics for every episode.
Poor weight gain in infants and children may result from inadequate intake, feeding difficulties, medical conditions or increased nutritional requirements. Evaluation includes reviewing growth charts, feeding history and relevant symptoms. Treatment focuses on identifying contributing factors, improving nutrition and arranging further investigations or specialist care when necessary.
Developmental assessment evaluates concerns involving speech, movement, learning, social communication or behaviour. Clinical review considers developmental milestones, medical history and observations from caregivers. Children with suspected delays may benefit from further developmental screening, hearing assessment and referral to appropriate specialists or early-intervention services.