Arthritis refers to conditions that cause joint inflammation, pain, swelling or stiffness. Common forms include osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis. Treatment depends on the diagnosis and may involve medication, exercise, physiotherapy, lifestyle modifications and specialist referral when necessary. The aim is to maintain mobility and reduce functional limitations.
Fractures occur when bones break because of injury, stress or reduced bone strength. Assessment commonly includes physical examination and X-ray imaging. Treatment may involve splints, casts, fracture reduction or surgery, depending on the fracture's location, alignment and stability. Rehabilitation supports the recovery of strength and movement.
Knee pain can result from arthritis, ligament injuries, cartilage problems, overuse or trauma. Orthopaedic evaluation helps identify the cause through examination and appropriate imaging. Management may include activity modification, medication, physiotherapy, bracing or surgical assessment when symptoms or structural problems require further intervention.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition involving cartilage changes and other joint structures. It commonly affects the knees, hips and hands, causing pain and stiffness. Treatment focuses on exercise, weight management where appropriate, symptom-relieving medication and selected interventions. Advanced disease may require surgical evaluation.
Joint pain may develop because of arthritis, injury, inflammation or mechanical problems. A detailed history and examination help determine the cause. Treatment may include medication, physiotherapy, activity changes and further investigations. Persistent swelling, severe pain or restricted movement may require additional specialist assessment.
Muscle injuries may occur from overuse, sudden movements, accidents or sports activities. Symptoms include pain, tenderness, swelling and reduced strength. Treatment depends on injury severity and may involve temporary activity modification, appropriate pain relief and progressive rehabilitation to restore normal muscle function.
Foot pain can arise from plantar fasciitis, tendon disorders, arthritis, stress injuries or structural abnormalities. Orthopaedic assessment considers the location of pain, walking pattern, footwear and associated symptoms. Treatment options may include exercises, supportive footwear, orthoses, medication and further investigations when necessary.
Sports injuries can affect muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments. Common examples include sprains, strains and overuse injuries. Evaluation identifies the injured structures and their severity. Management may involve rest from aggravating activities, physiotherapy, bracing and selected procedures when significant structural damage is present.
Ligament injuries occur when the strong tissues connecting bones are stretched or torn. Symptoms may include swelling, joint pain and instability. Clinical examination and imaging can help determine injury severity. Management ranges from rehabilitation and bracing to surgery for selected complete tears or persistent instability.
Shoulder pain may be caused by tendon inflammation, rotator cuff injuries, arthritis, instability or frozen shoulder. Evaluation includes assessing shoulder movement, strength and symptoms. Treatment may involve physiotherapy, medication, injections in selected cases or surgical referral according to the diagnosis and severity.
Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, causes progressive shoulder stiffness and pain due to inflammation and tightening of the joint capsule. Management may include pain relief, guided stretching, physiotherapy and selected injections. Recovery often takes months, and treatment is adapted to the patient's symptoms and stage.
Back and neck pain can arise from muscular strain, degenerative changes, posture-related problems or nerve irritation. Assessment focuses on symptoms, mobility and neurological findings. Management often includes exercise-based rehabilitation, medication and activity modification. Warning signs or persistent neurological symptoms may require urgent investigations.
Osteoporosis reduces bone strength and increases fracture risk, particularly in older adults. Fractures may occur after minor falls or injuries. Assessment includes fracture imaging and evaluation of bone health. Management may involve fracture treatment, fall prevention, calcium and vitamin D assessment, and appropriate osteoporosis medication.
A joint dislocation occurs when bones move out of their normal position within a joint. It can cause severe pain, deformity and restricted movement. Prompt medical evaluation is important to assess associated nerve or blood vessel injuries. Treatment may involve reduction, immobilisation and rehabilitation.