Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease caused by diabetes-related damage to retinal blood vessels. It can lead to blurred vision, retinal bleeding and permanent vision loss. Treatment depends on disease severity and may involve retinal monitoring, laser photocoagulation, intravitreal medication or vitreoretinal surgery. Regular retinal examinations are important for early detection.
Age-related macular degeneration affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for detailed vision. Patients may experience distorted vision, difficulty reading or reduced central eyesight. Management depends on the type and stage of AMD and may include monitoring, appropriate nutritional measures or intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for neovascular AMD.
Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from its supporting tissue, potentially causing serious vision loss. Symptoms may include sudden flashes, new floaters or a dark shadow across vision. Treatment is often urgent and may involve vitrectomy or other retinal repair procedures, depending on the location and severity of the detachment.
Vitreoretinal surgery addresses selected diseases affecting the retina and vitreous gel inside the eye. Surgical techniques may be required for retinal detachment, persistent vitreous haemorrhage, macular abnormalities or complications of diabetic retinopathy. Treatment aims to repair abnormal structures, remove obstructing tissue or stabilise retinal conditions while preserving visual function where possible.
Microincision vitrectomy is a specialised retinal procedure performed through very small openings in the eye. It allows removal of the vitreous gel and access to the retina for treating selected conditions. Common indications include retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage and certain macular disorders. Recovery and visual improvement depend on the underlying disease.
An epiretinal membrane is a thin layer of tissue that develops over the macula and may cause distorted or blurred central vision. When symptoms significantly affect daily activities, surgery may be considered to remove the membrane. The decision depends on retinal examination findings, OCT imaging, visual symptoms and the potential benefits and risks of treatment.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections deliver medication directly into the eye to reduce abnormal blood vessel growth and retinal fluid leakage. They are commonly used for selected cases of diabetic macular oedema, neovascular age-related macular degeneration and retinal vein occlusion. Repeated treatment and retinal monitoring may be needed to manage disease activity.
Intravitreal corticosteroid treatments may be considered for certain inflammatory retinal conditions or cases of macular oedema. These medications help reduce inflammation and fluid accumulation within the retina. Treatment selection requires careful assessment because steroid therapy may increase intraocular pressure or accelerate cataract formation in some patients.
Retinal vein occlusion occurs when blood flow through a retinal vein becomes obstructed. It can cause retinal haemorrhage, swelling and reduced vision. Management may include intravitreal medication, retinal laser treatment in selected cases and monitoring for complications. Associated medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes should also be appropriately managed.
Optical Coherence Tomography is a non-invasive imaging test that produces detailed cross-sectional images of the retina. It helps identify macular oedema, retinal thinning, epiretinal membranes and other structural abnormalities. OCT is widely used to diagnose retinal conditions, monitor disease progression and evaluate anatomical response to treatment.
Fundus fluorescein angiography is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to examine circulation within retinal blood vessels. A fluorescent dye is administered, and specialised photographs are taken as it travels through the eye. The examination can help identify blood vessel leakage, abnormal new vessels and circulation problems associated with retinal diseases.
Panretinal photocoagulation is a retinal laser treatment commonly used for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and selected conditions involving abnormal retinal blood vessels. The laser is applied to peripheral retinal areas to reduce the stimulus for abnormal vessel growth. Treatment aims to lower the risk of severe complications, including vitreous haemorrhage.
Focal retinal laser treatment directs controlled laser energy to selected areas of abnormal retinal blood vessel leakage. It may be considered for certain retinal vascular abnormalities or other carefully selected conditions. The decision to use focal laser depends on disease characteristics, retinal imaging findings and the availability of alternative therapies.
Diabetic macular oedema occurs when fluid accumulates in the macula due to diabetes-related damage to retinal blood vessels. Patients may experience blurred or distorted central vision. Treatment may involve intravitreal anti-VEGF medication, selected corticosteroid therapies or laser treatment, together with appropriate control of blood glucose and other risk factors.
Vitreous haemorrhage occurs when blood enters the vitreous cavity, potentially causing sudden visual haze, floaters or significant vision reduction. Causes include proliferative diabetic retinopathy, retinal tears and vascular disorders. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve observation, laser treatment or vitrectomy when clinically indicated.