Phacoemulsification is a modern cataract surgery technique that uses ultrasound energy to break the cloudy natural lens into small fragments for removal. An artificial intraocular lens is generally implanted to restore focusing ability. The procedure may be recommended when cataracts significantly affect everyday activities and visual function.
Vitreoretinal surgery involves specialised procedures to treat diseases affecting the retina and vitreous gel inside the eye. It may be used for retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage and certain macular disorders. Surgical planning depends on retinal findings, the condition's severity and overall eye health.
Diabetic retinopathy develops when prolonged high blood sugar damages blood vessels in the retina. It can cause blurred vision, floaters and progressive visual impairment. Management includes controlling diabetes, regular retinal screening and selected treatments such as retinal laser therapy, intravitreal injections or surgery.
Age-related macular degeneration affects the central retina, which is responsible for detailed vision. Symptoms may include blurred central vision, distortion and difficulty recognising faces. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the disease and may involve monitoring, nutritional measures or intravitreal medication.
Uveitis is inflammation involving the uveal tract and sometimes nearby eye tissues. It may cause eye redness, pain, light sensitivity, floaters and blurred vision. Diagnosis requires ophthalmic examination and occasionally systemic investigations. Treatment depends on the cause and can include anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial medication.
Posterior uveitis affects structures at the back of the eye, including the choroid and retina. It may cause floaters, blurred vision or reduced visual clarity. Evaluation can involve retinal examination, optical coherence tomography, angiography and selected laboratory tests to determine the underlying cause.
Retinal laser photocoagulation uses focused laser energy to treat selected retinal abnormalities. It may be recommended for certain stages of diabetic retinopathy, retinal tears and other retinal vascular disorders. Treatment aims to reduce disease progression or prevent complications, depending on the underlying condition.
Retinal detachment occurs when the light-sensitive retina separates from its supporting tissues. Symptoms may include sudden flashes, new floaters or a dark shadow across vision. Prompt medical evaluation is essential. Surgery may involve vitrectomy, scleral buckling or other retinal repair techniques.
Vitrectomy is an eye surgery that removes part or all of the vitreous gel to allow treatment of retinal conditions. It may be considered for retinal detachment, persistent vitreous bleeding or selected macular abnormalities. Recovery and postoperative precautions depend on the surgical procedure and diagnosis.
Vitreous haemorrhage occurs when blood enters the vitreous cavity of the eye, potentially causing floaters, blurred vision or sudden visual loss. Causes include diabetic retinopathy and retinal tears. Management depends on the source and severity of bleeding and may involve monitoring, laser treatment or surgery.
Intravitreal injections deliver medication directly into the eye's vitreous cavity. They are used for selected retinal disorders, including diabetic macular edema, neovascular macular degeneration and retinal vascular diseases. Treatment requires sterile technique, individualised scheduling and follow-up to monitor effectiveness and potential complications.
Diabetic macular edema develops when fluid accumulates in the central retina due to leakage from damaged blood vessels. It can cause blurred or distorted central vision. Optical coherence tomography helps assess retinal swelling, while treatment may include intravitreal medication and selected laser procedures.
Retinal vein occlusion occurs when blood drainage from the retina becomes blocked. It may cause sudden painless reduction in vision, retinal haemorrhage or macular edema. Management includes identifying associated cardiovascular risks, retinal imaging, monitoring and treatment of complications using appropriate specialist therapies.
Optical coherence tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that produces detailed cross-sectional images of retinal structures. It helps evaluate macular edema, vitreoretinal abnormalities and age-related macular degeneration. Results are interpreted alongside symptoms, clinical examination and other investigations to guide treatment decisions.
A macular hole is an opening in the central retina that may cause blurred or distorted central vision. Optical coherence tomography helps establish the diagnosis and assess severity. Selected patients may require vitrectomy with additional surgical techniques to support closure of the hole.
A comprehensive retina examination evaluates the light-sensitive tissues at the back of the eye. It may involve dilated fundus examination, retinal photography and optical coherence tomography. These investigations help identify diabetic eye disease, macular disorders, retinal tears and other abnormalities affecting vision.