Vitreoretinal surgery involves specialised procedures to treat selected conditions affecting the retina and vitreous gel inside the eye. These may include retinal detachment, vitreous haemorrhage and macular disorders. The surgical approach depends on retinal findings, disease severity and the patient's overall eye health.
Cataract surgery removes the cloudy natural lens and usually replaces it with an artificial intraocular lens. It may be recommended when cataracts significantly affect vision or daily activities. The choice of procedure and intraocular lens depends on eye measurements, visual requirements and associated eye conditions.
Phacoemulsification is a widely used cataract surgery technique that uses ultrasound energy to break the cloudy lens into small fragments for removal. An artificial intraocular lens is usually implanted. Preoperative evaluation determines the appropriate surgical approach, lens selection and possible risks.
Diabetic retinopathy occurs when diabetes damages the small blood vessels of the retina. It may initially cause no symptoms but can lead to vision loss as it progresses. Regular dilated retinal examinations help identify abnormalities and determine whether monitoring, injections or laser treatment may be necessary.
Retinal detachment occurs when the light-sensitive retina separates from its supporting tissues. Symptoms may include sudden flashes, new floaters or a shadow across vision. It is an eye emergency requiring prompt assessment. Surgical treatment may involve vitrectomy, scleral buckling or other techniques.
Vitrectomy is an eye operation in which the vitreous gel is partially or completely removed to allow treatment of retinal disorders. It may be considered for retinal detachment, vitreous bleeding or selected macular conditions. Recovery and postoperative precautions depend on the procedure performed.
A macular hole is an opening in the central part of the retina that may cause blurred or distorted central vision. Optical coherence tomography helps confirm the diagnosis and assess its characteristics. Selected cases may require vitrectomy surgery with additional techniques to support macular closure.
An epiretinal membrane is a thin layer of tissue that forms over the retinal surface and can distort central vision. Mild cases may only require observation, while significant symptoms may lead to consideration of surgery. Retinal imaging helps assess membrane severity and associated changes.
Glaucoma refers to a group of conditions that damage the optic nerve and may gradually reduce vision. Assessment includes eye pressure measurement, optic nerve evaluation and visual field testing. Treatment may involve prescribed eye drops, laser procedures or surgery depending on the condition.
The cornea is the transparent front surface of the eye and plays an important role in focusing light. Corneal disorders may cause pain, blurred vision, sensitivity to light or irritation. Evaluation includes slit-lamp examination and other investigations to guide appropriate medical or surgical management.
Keratoconus is a condition in which the cornea progressively thins and becomes cone-shaped, causing irregular vision. Corneal topography and related tests help establish the diagnosis. Management may include glasses, specialised contact lenses or corneal cross-linking when clinically indicated.
Laser vision correction is used to reduce dependence on glasses or contact lenses for selected refractive errors. LASIK reshapes the cornea to improve light focusing. Suitability depends on corneal thickness, prescription stability, ocular surface health and other factors assessed during preoperative screening.
Paediatric ophthalmology addresses eye and vision conditions affecting children, including refractive errors, amblyopia, squint and certain congenital disorders. Early assessment may help identify conditions that interfere with visual development. Treatment depends on the diagnosis and may involve corrective lenses, patching or specialist intervention.
Strabismus occurs when the eyes are not properly aligned and may affect binocular vision or cause double vision. Evaluation includes assessing eye movements, visual acuity and alignment. Management can involve corrective glasses, treatment of amblyopia, prisms or surgery when appropriate.
Dry eye syndrome develops when tear production or tear film quality is insufficient to maintain a comfortable ocular surface. Symptoms include burning, irritation, grittiness and fluctuating vision. Treatment may involve lubricating eye drops, eyelid hygiene, environmental adjustments and additional medication according to the cause.
Optical coherence tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that produces detailed cross-sectional images of retinal structures. It assists in evaluating macular edema, retinal abnormalities and other eye conditions. The results are interpreted together with symptoms and clinical examination to guide management decisions.