Cataract surgery involves removing the eye's cloudy natural lens and usually replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens. It may be recommended when cataracts interfere with reading, driving or daily activities. Modern cataract surgery commonly uses phacoemulsification, although the technique depends on the patient's eye condition and clinical requirements.
Intraocular lens implantation involves placing an artificial lens inside the eye, most commonly during cataract surgery. Different lens designs may be considered according to visual requirements and eye health. The selection of a suitable lens depends on measurements, lifestyle preferences, associated eye conditions and specialist assessment.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can progressively damage the optic nerve and cause permanent vision loss. Management focuses on controlling eye pressure and monitoring optic nerve health. Treatment may include prescription eye drops, laser procedures or surgery, depending on disease severity and individual risk factors.
Glaucoma evaluation helps identify optic nerve damage and other signs of the disease, sometimes before noticeable vision changes develop. Assessment may include intraocular pressure measurement, optic nerve examination, visual field testing and optical coherence tomography. Regular monitoring is particularly important for patients with elevated eye pressure or a family history of glaucoma.
Dry eye disease occurs when the eyes produce insufficient tears or when tears evaporate too quickly. Symptoms may include burning, irritation, redness and fluctuating vision. Management may involve lubricating eye drops, eyelid hygiene, environmental adjustments or prescription medication according to the underlying cause and severity.
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and inner eyelids. It may be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergies or irritants. Treatment depends on the cause and may include supportive care, allergy medication or antibiotics when clinically appropriate.
Uveitis is inflammation affecting the uveal tract and sometimes other structures inside the eye. Symptoms may include redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision and floaters. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve anti-inflammatory medication, treatment of associated infections or systemic disease management.
Ocular inflammation can affect different parts of the eye and may result from infection, autoimmune conditions, injury or other causes. Symptoms vary according to the affected structure. A detailed eye examination helps identify the source of inflammation and guide appropriate medication, monitoring or specialist referral.
Neuro-ophthalmology addresses vision disorders associated with the optic nerve, brain and nervous system. Patients may experience double vision, unexplained visual loss or abnormal eye movements. Evaluation may involve visual field testing, optic nerve assessment, neurological examination and imaging when clinically indicated.
A comprehensive eye examination evaluates visual acuity, refractive errors, eye pressure and the health of internal and external eye structures. It can help detect cataracts, glaucoma and other eye diseases. The examination may include pupil dilation and additional diagnostic tests according to the patient's symptoms and risk factors.
Refractive errors occur when the eye does not focus light accurately onto the retina. Common examples include myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia. Vision testing determines the type and degree of refractive error. Management commonly includes prescription spectacles or contact lenses, with other options considered when appropriate.
Laser trabeculoplasty is a procedure used to lower intraocular pressure in selected patients with open-angle glaucoma. Laser energy is applied to the eye's drainage tissue to improve fluid outflow. It may reduce the need for pressure-lowering medication, although continued monitoring and additional treatment may still be necessary.
Phacoemulsification is a commonly used cataract surgery technique in which ultrasound energy breaks the cloudy natural lens into small fragments for removal. An artificial intraocular lens is usually implanted afterward. The procedure generally uses a small incision, with recovery and postoperative care varying according to individual circumstances.
Pterygium is a non-cancerous growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea. It may cause redness, irritation or visual disturbance when it enlarges. Mild cases may be managed with lubrication and monitoring, while surgery may be considered when the growth affects vision or causes persistent symptoms.
Visual field testing measures central and peripheral vision and helps identify areas of reduced visual sensitivity. It is commonly used in glaucoma assessment and certain neuro-ophthalmic conditions. Repeated testing may help clinicians monitor disease progression and evaluate whether changes in treatment are necessary.