Breast cancer surgery aims to remove malignant tissue while considering tumour size, location, stage and patient preferences. Surgical options may include breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy, sometimes combined with lymph node assessment and other cancer treatments.
Breast-conserving surgery removes a breast tumour with a margin of surrounding tissue while preserving much of the breast. It is suitable for selected patients and is frequently followed by radiotherapy as part of comprehensive cancer treatment.
Sentinel lymph node mapping helps identify the first lymph nodes likely to receive cancer cells from a primary tumour. In selected breast cancer cases, sentinel node biopsy can provide staging information and help determine whether more extensive lymph node surgery is necessary.
Head and neck cancer surgery involves removing selected malignant tumours affecting structures such as the mouth, throat or related tissues. Treatment planning considers cancer stage, anatomical location and the preservation of important functions including swallowing and speech.
Reconstructive procedures may be considered after extensive tumour removal to restore tissue coverage, appearance or function. The approach depends on the surgical defect, available tissue and overall treatment plan, often requiring collaboration with reconstructive specialists.
Gastrointestinal cancer surgery treats selected malignant tumours involving the digestive system. Depending on tumour location and stage, surgery may remove affected tissue and nearby lymph nodes, with chemotherapy or radiotherapy incorporated when clinically indicated.
Colorectal cancer surgery removes malignant tumours affecting the colon or rectum. The procedure selected depends on tumour location, stage and patient health. Some patients require additional treatment before or after surgery, and temporary or permanent stoma formation may occasionally be necessary.
Oesophageal cancer surgery may involve removing part or most of the oesophagus and reconstructing the digestive passage. It is considered for carefully selected patients following staging investigations and multidisciplinary evaluation, sometimes after chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.
Surgical treatment for liver cancer may involve removing a portion of the liver containing a tumour. Suitability depends on tumour characteristics, liver function, underlying liver disease and whether adequate healthy liver tissue can remain after surgery.
Gallbladder cancer surgery aims to remove malignant tissue when the disease is considered surgically resectable. Depending on the stage, treatment may involve gallbladder removal with additional liver tissue or lymph node surgery, followed by other oncology treatments when indicated.
Thoracic cancer surgery addresses selected malignancies within the chest, including some lung and related tumours. Surgical planning depends on tumour stage, location, lung function and overall fitness, and may involve coordination with thoracic surgery specialists.
Genitourinary cancer surgery concerns malignant tumours affecting organs such as the kidney, bladder and reproductive system. The procedure and specialist team depend on the organ involved, disease stage and whether organ-preserving treatment is possible.
Soft tissue sarcomas are uncommon malignant tumours that develop in muscles, fat, connective tissue or related structures. Surgery aims to remove the tumour with appropriate margins, while radiotherapy or systemic treatment may be considered according to tumour characteristics.
Multidisciplinary oncology planning brings together surgical, medical and radiation oncology expertise to review diagnosis, staging and treatment options. This process helps determine whether surgery, systemic therapy, radiotherapy or a combination is most appropriate for an individual patient.