Mechanical thrombectomy is an emergency endovascular procedure used to remove a blood clot blocking a major artery in the brain. It may be suitable for selected patients with acute ischaemic stroke after specialist assessment and brain imaging. Rapid evaluation is essential because treatment eligibility depends on clinical and imaging findings.
Brain aneurysm coiling is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat selected cerebral aneurysms. A catheter is guided through blood vessels to the aneurysm, where coils are placed to reduce blood flow into the weakened area. Suitability depends on the aneurysm's location, size, shape and associated risks.
Flow diverter treatment uses a specialised stent-like device placed within an artery to redirect blood flow away from selected cerebral aneurysms. It may be considered for complex or wide-neck aneurysms when the anatomy is suitable. Treatment requires careful planning and appropriate antiplatelet medication management.
Carotid angioplasty and stenting is an endovascular treatment for selected patients with narrowing of the carotid arteries. A balloon and stent may be used to improve blood flow through the affected vessel. Treatment selection depends on symptoms, degree of narrowing, anatomy and individual stroke risk.
Intracranial angioplasty and stenting may be considered in carefully selected cases involving narrowing of arteries inside the brain. The procedure aims to improve blood flow but carries significant risks and is not routinely appropriate for all patients. Specialist evaluation and evidence-based treatment selection are essential.
A brain arteriovenous malformation is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins. Endovascular embolisation uses a catheter to deliver material that blocks selected abnormal vessels. It may be used alone or alongside surgery or radiosurgery, depending on the malformation's anatomy, symptoms and treatment goals.
A dural arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins within the covering of the brain or spinal cord. Endovascular embolisation may be used to close the abnormal connection. Treatment decisions depend on the location, venous drainage pattern, symptoms and risk of bleeding.
A carotico-cavernous fistula is an abnormal connection involving the carotid arterial system and the cavernous sinus. It may cause eye redness, swelling, visual disturbances or abnormal blood flow. Endovascular embolisation can be considered to close the fistula while preserving normal circulation when possible.
Venous sinus stenting may be considered for selected patients with significant narrowing of the brain's venous drainage pathways, including certain cases of intracranial hypertension. Detailed imaging, pressure measurements and specialist assessment help determine whether the procedure is appropriate. Not every patient with raised intracranial pressure requires stenting.
Middle meningeal artery embolisation is a minimally invasive procedure used in selected patients with chronic subdural haematoma. It reduces blood supply to membranes associated with the collection and may be used as an alternative or addition to surgery in appropriate cases. Treatment depends on symptoms and imaging findings.
Diagnostic cerebral angiography uses a catheter and contrast material to obtain detailed images of blood vessels supplying the brain. It helps assess conditions such as aneurysms, vascular malformations and arterial narrowing. The investigation is performed when its diagnostic benefits outweigh the risks associated with an invasive procedure.
Spinal angiography provides detailed information about blood vessels supplying the spinal cord. It may help identify spinal arteriovenous fistulas or malformations. Depending on the anatomy and clinical findings, treatment may involve endovascular embolisation, surgery or a combination of approaches.
Advanced MRI techniques provide detailed information about brain anatomy and tissue characteristics. MR spectroscopy examines selected chemical patterns within tissue and may support assessment of tumours, metabolic abnormalities and other neurological conditions. Findings are interpreted alongside conventional imaging and the patient's clinical history.
Functional MRI evaluates changes associated with brain activity, while diffusion tensor imaging provides information about white matter pathways. These techniques may assist in planning selected neurological procedures and assessing complex brain disorders. Their interpretation requires specialised neuroradiology expertise and correlation with other investigations.
A spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak can cause symptoms such as headaches that worsen when standing. Specialist imaging helps identify the possible leak location and underlying cause. Treatment may involve conservative care, targeted procedures or surgery depending on the type of leak and the patient's clinical findings.
Preoperative embolisation may be used for selected highly vascular head and neck tumours to reduce blood flow before surgery. The procedure involves delivering embolic material through a catheter into targeted vessels. Its use depends on tumour vascularity, anatomy, treatment objectives and potential procedural risks.