Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible camera to examine the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. It may be recommended for persistent upper abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, gastrointestinal bleeding or suspected ulcers. Tissue samples and selected therapeutic interventions can be performed when clinically indicated.
Colonoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the large intestine and rectum. It can help investigate rectal bleeding, chronic diarrhoea, unexplained bowel symptoms and inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic procedures, including selected polyp removal and bleeding control, may be performed during the examination.
Endoscopic polypectomy involves removing selected growths from the lining of the gastrointestinal tract during endoscopy or colonoscopy. Some polyps may have precancerous potential, making removal and microscopic examination important. The technique depends on polyp size, appearance, location and patient-related risk factors.
Argon plasma coagulation is an endoscopic treatment that uses ionised argon gas to deliver controlled electrical energy to tissue. It may help manage selected superficial bleeding lesions and other gastrointestinal abnormalities. The decision to use it depends on the diagnosis, tissue characteristics and procedural safety considerations.
Gastrointestinal stricture dilatation is used to widen selected narrowed areas within the digestive tract. Techniques may include balloon or bougie dilatation under endoscopic guidance. It may be considered for swallowing difficulty or obstruction caused by benign strictures, depending on the cause and location.
Liver cirrhosis develops when chronic liver injury causes extensive scarring and changes in liver function. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, preventing complications and monitoring for liver cancer. Patients may require medication, nutritional support, screening for varices and assessment for advanced liver care.
Acute-on-chronic liver failure occurs when a patient with existing chronic liver disease experiences sudden deterioration, potentially involving multiple organs. It requires urgent specialist assessment and often hospital-based care. Treatment focuses on identifying triggers, supporting organ function and evaluating eligibility for advanced liver therapies when appropriate.
Inflammatory bowel disease includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Symptoms may include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bleeding and weight loss. Management involves controlling inflammation, maintaining remission and monitoring for nutritional deficiencies or other complications.
Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract and may cause abdominal pain, persistent diarrhoea, weight loss and intestinal complications. Treatment may include immune-modifying medication, nutritional care and monitoring. Selected patients may require endoscopic or surgical intervention for strictures, fistulas or other complications.
Ulcerative colitis causes ongoing inflammation of the colon and rectum, often resulting in bloody diarrhoea, bowel urgency and abdominal discomfort. Treatment depends on disease severity and may include aminosalicylates, corticosteroids for selected flares, immunomodulators or biologic medication. Regular monitoring helps assess disease control.
Gastrointestinal bleeding may originate from ulcers, varices, abnormal blood vessels or other digestive tract conditions. Symptoms can include vomiting blood, black stools or rectal bleeding. Urgent evaluation may require blood tests, resuscitation and endoscopy to locate and treat the source of bleeding.
Oesophageal varices are enlarged veins in the oesophagus commonly associated with portal hypertension from advanced liver disease. They can cause serious bleeding if they rupture. Evaluation may involve upper endoscopy, with preventive medication or endoscopic band ligation considered according to clinical risk.
Hepatitis B and C are viral infections that may cause chronic liver inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Assessment includes viral testing, liver function evaluation and fibrosis assessment. Antiviral treatment is selected according to the specific infection, disease stage and current treatment guidelines.
Fatty liver disease, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, involves excess fat accumulation in the liver. It is often associated with obesity, diabetes or metabolic risk factors. Treatment focuses on risk assessment, nutrition, physical activity, weight management and monitoring for liver inflammation and fibrosis.
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that may be acute or chronic. Symptoms often include upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Evaluation involves blood tests and imaging when appropriate. Management depends on severity and may include supportive treatment, nutrition, pain control and management of complications.
FibroScan uses transient elastography to measure liver stiffness as part of assessing fibrosis. It is a non-invasive investigation that can support evaluation of chronic liver conditions. Results should be interpreted alongside clinical findings, blood tests and other imaging because several factors can affect measurements.