Anaemia occurs when the blood has insufficient healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin to transport oxygen effectively. Evaluation may involve a complete blood count, iron studies, vitamin levels and other investigations. Treatment depends on identifying the underlying cause of the anaemia.
Iron-deficiency anaemia develops when the body lacks enough iron to produce adequate haemoglobin. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath. Management focuses on identifying the reason for iron deficiency and providing appropriate iron replacement or other necessary treatment.
Vitamin B12 deficiency may impair normal red blood cell production and can sometimes cause neurological symptoms. Diagnosis involves reviewing blood counts, vitamin levels and possible causes of deficiency. Treatment commonly includes oral or injectable vitamin replacement based on individual clinical circumstances.
Thalassaemia is an inherited blood disorder affecting haemoglobin production. Disease severity varies, and some patients require regular blood transfusions, monitoring of iron levels or other specialist treatment. Management depends on the type of thalassaemia and the patient's clinical needs.
Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder in which red blood cells can become abnormally shaped, potentially causing anaemia, painful episodes and organ complications. Management may include preventive care, medication, transfusion support and monitoring for complications under specialist supervision.
Thrombocytopenia refers to a lower-than-normal platelet count. It may result from immune disorders, medication effects, infections or bone marrow conditions. Evaluation aims to identify the underlying cause and determine whether observation, medication or other targeted treatment is appropriate.
Haemophilia and other bleeding disorders affect the body's ability to form stable blood clots. Patients may experience prolonged bleeding, easy bruising or internal bleeding. Diagnosis involves specialised coagulation testing, and treatment may include clotting factor replacement or other appropriate therapies.
Leukaemia refers to cancers that affect blood-forming cells, commonly involving the bone marrow and circulating blood. Evaluation may require blood tests, bone marrow examination, immunophenotyping and molecular investigations. Treatment depends on the specific leukaemia subtype and the patient's condition.
Lymphoma is a group of cancers affecting lymphocytes, which are cells involved in the immune system. Assessment may include tissue biopsy, imaging and specialised laboratory testing. Treatment options differ according to lymphoma subtype, disease stage and the patient's overall health.
Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer involving abnormal plasma cells within the bone marrow. It can affect bones, kidneys and blood cell production. Diagnosis may require blood tests, urine studies, imaging and bone marrow assessment, followed by individualised treatment planning.
Bone marrow or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be considered for selected blood cancers and other haematological disorders. Assessment examines the underlying disease, transplant eligibility, donor availability when relevant, and the potential benefits and risks of transplantation.
Myelodysplastic syndromes are bone marrow disorders associated with abnormal blood cell production. Patients may develop anaemia, infections or bleeding complications. Evaluation usually involves blood counts, bone marrow examination and specialised tests to classify the disease and guide treatment decisions.