Breast cancer surgery involves removing cancerous tissue while considering disease stage, tumour characteristics and patient preferences. Depending on clinical findings, treatment may include breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy, with appropriate assessment of lymph nodes. Surgical planning is usually coordinated with a multidisciplinary team to determine whether additional treatments are required.
Breast-conserving surgery, also known as lumpectomy or wide local excision in appropriate cases, removes a breast tumour with a margin of surrounding tissue while preserving most of the breast. It is considered for selected patients with breast cancer. Postoperative radiotherapy is commonly recommended, depending on the clinical situation.
Mastectomy is a surgical procedure involving removal of breast tissue, most commonly as part of breast cancer treatment or risk-reducing care in selected patients. Different approaches may be considered depending on tumour extent and individual circumstances. Reconstruction options, lymph node assessment and additional cancer treatment are discussed during surgical planning.
Benign breast lumps are non-cancerous growths that may include fibroadenomas and other breast conditions. Assessment commonly involves clinical examination, ultrasound or mammography, and biopsy when indicated. Surgery may be considered for selected lumps based on their size, growth, symptoms or diagnostic uncertainty, although many benign lumps do not require removal.
Thyroidectomy involves removing part or all of the thyroid gland to treat selected thyroid disorders, including suspicious nodules, certain goitres and thyroid cancer. The extent of surgery depends on the diagnosis and clinical findings. Patients may require postoperative thyroid hormone replacement and monitoring of calcium levels and vocal cord function.
Thyroid nodules are growths within the thyroid gland, while goitre refers to enlargement of the gland. Evaluation may include thyroid function tests, ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration when indicated. Treatment varies from observation to medication or surgery, depending on symptoms, nodule characteristics, hormonal activity and the possibility of malignancy.
Thyroid cancer surgery aims to remove malignant thyroid tissue and, when indicated, affected lymph nodes. The surgical approach depends on cancer type, tumour size, extent of disease and other clinical factors. Careful assessment is important to reduce complications involving the recurrent laryngeal nerves and parathyroid glands while achieving appropriate cancer treatment.
Parathyroid surgery, or parathyroidectomy, may be recommended for selected patients with overactive parathyroid glands causing abnormal calcium regulation. Evaluation includes calcium and parathyroid hormone testing, with imaging used when appropriate for surgical planning. The procedure aims to remove the affected gland tissue while preserving normal parathyroid function.
Adrenal surgery may be considered for certain hormone-producing tumours, suspicious adrenal masses or other selected adrenal conditions. Treatment planning involves hormonal assessment, specialised imaging and evaluation of surgical risks. Some operations can be performed laparoscopically, while more complex cases may require open surgery and coordinated endocrine management.
Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive approach that uses a camera and specialised instruments inserted through small abdominal incisions. It can be used for selected general surgical procedures, including certain gallbladder and hernia operations. Potential benefits include reduced wound discomfort and shorter recovery, although suitability depends on the condition and operative complexity.
Hernia repair involves correcting a weakness or defect in the abdominal wall through which tissue may protrude. Depending on the location and type of hernia, treatment may involve open or laparoscopic surgery, often using surgical mesh. Repair is considered based on symptoms, complications, overall health and the risk of incarceration or strangulation.
Gallbladder surgery, commonly called cholecystectomy, involves removing the gallbladder when medically indicated for symptomatic gallstones, inflammation or other selected conditions. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a common approach, although open surgery may sometimes be necessary. Patients require appropriate preoperative evaluation and postoperative advice regarding recovery and potential complications.