HoLEP is a minimally invasive surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition in which an enlarged prostate obstructs urinary flow. A holmium laser is used to remove obstructing prostate tissue through the urinary passage. Treatment suitability depends on prostate size, urinary symptoms, general health and specialist assessment.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that may cause weak urine flow, frequent urination, urgency and difficulty emptying the bladder. Assessment includes symptom review and appropriate investigations. Management may involve lifestyle changes, medication or surgical procedures such as HoLEP or TURP when clinically indicated.
Laser lithotripsy uses laser energy delivered through an endoscopic instrument to break urinary stones into smaller fragments. It may be used for selected kidney or ureteric stones that cause pain, obstruction or recurrent symptoms. Treatment planning considers stone size, location, infection status and kidney function.
PCNL is a procedure used to remove selected large or complex kidney stones through a small access tract created from the back into the kidney. Specialised instruments are used to break and extract stones. It may be recommended when less invasive treatments are unsuitable or unlikely to clear the stone burden.
Ureteroscopy is an endoscopic procedure used to examine the ureter and treat selected urinary stones or abnormalities. A thin instrument is passed through the natural urinary passage to reach the affected area. Stones may be removed or fragmented using laser energy, depending on their size and location.
TURP is a surgical procedure used to remove prostate tissue causing urinary obstruction in selected patients with benign prostate enlargement. Instruments are passed through the urethra, avoiding an external surgical incision. Treatment aims to improve urine flow, and suitability depends on prostate characteristics, symptoms and overall health.
TURBT is an endoscopic procedure used to remove or sample abnormal tissue from the bladder. It plays an important role in diagnosing bladder cancer and treating selected superficial bladder tumours. Tissue obtained during the procedure is examined by pathology to help determine the diagnosis and further treatment requirements.
Laparoscopic urological surgery uses small incisions, a camera and specialised instruments to perform selected procedures involving the urinary tract. Compared with conventional open surgery, it may offer smaller wounds and reduced postoperative discomfort in suitable cases. Surgical planning depends on the underlying condition and anatomical complexity.
Kidney stones are mineral deposits that form within the urinary system and may cause flank pain, blood in the urine or urinary obstruction. Diagnosis commonly involves imaging and urine investigations. Small stones may pass without surgery, while larger or complicated stones may require endoscopic or percutaneous treatment.
Urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra that may cause weak urinary flow, difficulty passing urine and recurrent infections. Evaluation may include specialised imaging or endoscopic examination. Treatment depends on stricture length, location and recurrence, with urethroplasty considered for selected patients requiring reconstructive repair.
Kidney cancer may be identified through imaging performed for urinary symptoms or other medical concerns. Surgical evaluation considers tumour size, location, kidney function and overall cancer stage. Treatment options may include partial or radical nephrectomy, surveillance or other approaches according to the individual diagnosis.
Bladder cancer may cause blood in the urine, urinary discomfort or other urinary changes. Assessment can involve urine testing, imaging and cystoscopy. Treatment depends on tumour type, stage and risk and may include TURBT, intravesical medication, surveillance or more extensive treatment for advanced disease.
Prostate cancer evaluation may involve clinical examination, prostate-specific antigen testing, MRI and biopsy when appropriate. Treatment options vary according to cancer grade, stage, patient age and general health. Management may include active surveillance, surgery, radiotherapy or systemic treatment following multidisciplinary assessment.
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine and may result from bladder dysfunction, prostate-related problems or other conditions. Assessment considers symptoms, medical history and appropriate investigations. Treatment may include bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medication or selected procedures depending on the underlying cause.