Gastroenterology consultation evaluates disorders affecting the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas and biliary system. Assessment includes symptom review, medical examination and appropriate investigations. Treatment may involve medication, lifestyle measures, diagnostic endoscopy or specialist interventions depending on the condition.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the oesophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. It may help investigate persistent swallowing problems, abdominal symptoms, ulcers or digestive bleeding. Tissue samples may be collected when necessary to establish the diagnosis.
Therapeutic endoscopy uses specialised instruments introduced through an endoscope to treat selected gastrointestinal conditions. Depending on the diagnosis, interventions may include removing tissue, controlling bleeding or relieving narrowing. Suitability depends on the location and extent of the abnormality.
Endoscopic ultrasound combines a flexible endoscope with ultrasound imaging to assess structures within and around the digestive tract. It is particularly useful for selected pancreatic, biliary and gastrointestinal abnormalities. The findings may help guide diagnosis, staging or further treatment.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided sampling allows tissue or fluid to be collected from selected lesions near the digestive tract. It may assist in evaluating pancreatic masses, lymph nodes and other abnormalities. The decision depends on imaging findings, diagnostic needs and potential procedural risks.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, is a specialised endoscopic procedure used to evaluate and treat selected bile and pancreatic duct problems. It may involve stone removal, stenting or treatment of narrowing. ERCP is generally performed when a therapeutic intervention is expected.
Stones within the bile ducts can cause pain, jaundice, infection or pancreatic inflammation. Selected cases can be treated through ERCP, using specialised devices to remove stones and restore drainage. Treatment planning depends on stone size, location and the patient's clinical condition.
Biliary strictures are narrowed sections of the bile ducts that may obstruct normal bile flow. Endoscopic treatment may involve dilatation, stent placement or tissue sampling. The approach depends on the cause, location and extent of narrowing and whether the condition is benign or malignant.
Therapeutic colonoscopy allows selected abnormalities of the large intestine to be treated through a flexible endoscope. Procedures may include removal of polyps or management of certain bleeding lesions. The intervention is chosen according to the size, location and nature of the abnormality.
Endoscopic polypectomy is used to remove suitable growths from the gastrointestinal tract. Removed tissue is generally examined by a pathologist to determine its nature. Follow-up depends on the histological findings, number and size of polyps and the patient's individual risk factors.
Small-bowel enteroscopy uses specialised endoscopic instruments to examine sections of the small intestine that may not be accessible through conventional endoscopy. It can assist in investigating unexplained bleeding or other abnormalities. Selected diagnostic and therapeutic procedures may be performed during the examination.
Cholangioscopy involves direct visualisation of selected parts of the bile duct system using specialised endoscopic equipment. It may be used to investigate strictures, assess suspicious lesions or support difficult stone treatment. The procedure is selected according to the patient's diagnostic or therapeutic needs.
Third-space endoscopy involves advanced techniques performed within tissue layers of the gastrointestinal wall. In carefully selected patients, these techniques may help treat specific digestive tract abnormalities through an internal endoscopic approach. They require specialist expertise and individual assessment of benefits and risks.
Advanced endoscopic resection techniques are used to remove selected gastrointestinal lesions while preserving surrounding tissues when possible. Suitability depends on lesion size, depth, location and suspected pathology. Some lesions require surgery rather than endoscopic removal.
Pancreatic cysts and lesions may require investigation to determine their nature and clinical significance. Evaluation can include CT, MRI or EUS, with tissue or fluid sampling in selected cases. Management may involve monitoring, endoscopic intervention or specialist referral depending on the findings.
Paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy uses age-appropriate techniques to investigate selected digestive conditions in children. Assessment considers the child's age, medical needs and procedural risks. Treatment requires suitable equipment, trained staff and appropriate anaesthesia or sedation arrangements.