Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy involves examining the oesophagus, stomach and upper small intestine with a flexible camera. It may be used to investigate swallowing difficulties, persistent upper abdominal symptoms or suspected gastrointestinal bleeding.
Colonoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the large intestine. It may be recommended for selected bowel symptoms, colorectal cancer screening or evaluation of bleeding. Biopsies or removal of certain polyps may be performed when appropriate.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a specialised procedure used primarily for selected bile duct and pancreatic duct problems. It can help treat certain obstructions, remove duct stones or place stents when clinically indicated.
Endoscopic ultrasound combines endoscopy and ultrasound imaging to evaluate structures near the digestive tract, including the pancreas and bile ducts. It may support diagnosis, staging or selected guided interventions.
Gastrointestinal stenting uses a specialised device to keep selected narrowed or obstructed passages open. The technique may be considered for certain benign or malignant obstructions after appropriate investigation.
Endoscopic foreign body removal is used to retrieve selected swallowed objects or impacted food from the digestive tract. Urgent assessment is important when obstruction, sharp objects or other high-risk situations are suspected.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy provides a feeding route directly into the stomach for selected patients unable to maintain adequate oral nutrition. The procedure requires careful assessment of medical indications and potential risks.
Oesophageal manometry measures pressure and muscular activity within the oesophagus. It can help evaluate selected swallowing difficulties and oesophageal motility disorders. Findings are interpreted alongside symptoms and other investigations.
Anorectal manometry evaluates muscle pressure and coordination involving the rectum and anal canal. It may help assess certain bowel control and defecation disorders. Treatment depends on the underlying functional problem.
Hepatology addresses liver-related conditions, including abnormal liver tests, hepatitis and other liver disorders. Assessment may involve laboratory testing, ultrasound and additional investigations when necessary.
Pancreatic disorders may cause abdominal pain, digestive symptoms or abnormal test results. Evaluation can include blood investigations, imaging and specialised endoscopic procedures. Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis.
Inflammatory bowel disease includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Management may involve medication, nutritional support, colonoscopy and regular monitoring. Treatment is individualised according to disease severity and location.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach contents repeatedly flow into the oesophagus. Management may involve lifestyle changes, acid-suppressing medicines and further investigation when symptoms persist or warning signs develop.
Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction that may cause abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Treatment focuses on symptoms and may include dietary changes, medication and other supportive approaches.