Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction commonly associated with abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation or alternating bowel habits. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms and identifying warning signs that may require additional testing. Treatment may include dietary modification, medicines, stress management and an individualised approach to improving digestive symptoms.
Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders primarily involving Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Symptoms may include persistent diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bleeding and weight loss. Diagnosis can require laboratory testing, stool investigations, colonoscopy and biopsy. Treatment aims to control inflammation, reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, persistent diarrhoea, fatigue and unintended weight loss. Evaluation may involve blood tests, stool studies, endoscopy, biopsy and imaging. Management depends on disease location, severity and complications, using appropriate medical or surgical referral pathways.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the lining of the colon and rectum. Symptoms may include bloody diarrhoea, urgency, abdominal discomfort and fatigue. Diagnosis commonly involves colonoscopy with biopsy and additional laboratory investigations. Treatment may include anti-inflammatory medicines, immune-modifying therapies and regular monitoring to assess disease activity.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a procedure used to examine the oesophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine using a flexible camera. It may be recommended for persistent swallowing problems, gastrointestinal bleeding or selected upper abdominal symptoms. During the examination, tissue samples may be collected when clinically indicated.
Therapeutic endoscopy uses specialised instruments passed through an endoscope to perform selected procedures within the digestive tract. Depending on the diagnosis and available expertise, interventions can include controlling bleeding, removing certain lesions or treating narrowed areas. The suitability of a procedure depends on clinical findings, the patient's condition and procedural risks.
Colonoscopy allows examination of the lining of the colon and rectum using a flexible camera. It may help investigate rectal bleeding, persistent changes in bowel habits, suspected inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal abnormalities. Biopsies may be obtained during the procedure, and certain polyps can be removed when appropriate.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach contents repeatedly flow back into the oesophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation. Evaluation considers symptom frequency, treatment response and warning signs. Management may involve lifestyle adjustments, acid-suppressing medicines and additional investigations when symptoms are persistent or complicated.
Chronic abdominal pain can result from digestive, inflammatory, functional or other medical conditions. Assessment includes reviewing the location, duration and pattern of pain alongside associated symptoms. Laboratory tests, imaging or endoscopy may be considered depending on clinical findings. Treatment focuses on identifying and managing the underlying cause.
Chronic diarrhoea generally refers to loose or watery stools that continue for several weeks. Possible causes include infections, inflammatory bowel disease, food-related disorders, medication effects and conditions affecting nutrient absorption. Evaluation may involve stool tests, blood investigations and endoscopy when indicated. Treatment depends on the confirmed or suspected cause.
Chronic constipation may involve infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, straining or a sensation of incomplete evacuation. Evaluation includes reviewing diet, medicines, bowel habits and possible underlying medical conditions. Treatment may involve dietary fibre, adequate hydration, bowel routine adjustments and suitable medication. Persistent or complicated symptoms require further assessment.
Gastrointestinal bleeding may present as vomiting blood, passing black stools or experiencing rectal bleeding. Causes can include ulcers, inflammation, vascular abnormalities and other digestive conditions. Significant or ongoing bleeding requires urgent medical assessment. Endoscopy and other investigations may be used to identify the source and determine suitable treatment.
Liver disease assessment involves evaluating abnormalities affecting liver structure or function. These may be related to metabolic conditions, viral infections, alcohol exposure, medicines or immune disorders. Diagnostic evaluation can include liver function tests, viral markers, ultrasound and fibrosis assessment. Management depends on the underlying condition and severity of liver damage.
Fatty liver disease involves excessive accumulation of fat in the liver and may be associated with metabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes and abnormal cholesterol levels. Evaluation includes reviewing metabolic health, liver tests and the risk of fibrosis. Management commonly focuses on weight management, physical activity and treatment of associated conditions.
Chronic hepatitis refers to persistent inflammation of the liver that may result from viral infections, autoimmune conditions, medicines or metabolic disorders. Evaluation involves identifying the cause and assessing the extent of liver injury. Treatment varies according to the diagnosis and may include antiviral therapy, immune-directed treatment or monitoring for complications.
Luminal gastroenterology focuses on conditions affecting the inside lining and function of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, swallowing difficulty or digestive bleeding. Evaluation can involve clinical assessment, laboratory investigations and endoscopic procedures. Treatment is selected according to the diagnosed condition.