Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the oesophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. A flexible camera-equipped instrument helps identify abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers and sources of bleeding. The procedure may be recommended for persistent digestive symptoms, difficulty swallowing or suspected upper gastrointestinal disease.
Gastritis occurs when the stomach lining becomes inflamed or irritated. Symptoms may include upper abdominal discomfort, nausea, bloating and indigestion. Possible causes include Helicobacter pylori infection and certain medications. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve acid-reducing medication, infection treatment and appropriate dietary guidance.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach contents repeatedly flow back into the oesophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Evaluation considers symptom severity and potential complications. Management may include lifestyle modification, acid-suppressing medication and additional investigations when symptoms persist or warning signs are present.
Liver diseases can include fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, inflammatory liver disorders and advanced liver damage. Evaluation may involve liver function tests, imaging and other specialised investigations. Management depends on the underlying condition and may include medication, lifestyle changes, monitoring or referral for advanced liver care.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that may result from viral infections, medications, autoimmune conditions or other causes. Symptoms can include fatigue, nausea, abdominal discomfort and jaundice, although some patients have no symptoms. Diagnosis involves appropriate laboratory testing, and treatment depends on the type and severity of liver inflammation.
Inflammatory bowel disease includes chronic inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Symptoms may include persistent diarrhoea, abdominal pain, blood in stools and weight loss. Management depends on disease severity and location and may involve medication, nutritional support, monitoring and additional specialist interventions.
Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or upper small intestine. Common causes include Helicobacter pylori infection and prolonged use of certain pain-relieving medicines. Treatment may involve acid suppression, eradication of the infection when present and appropriate follow-up to assess healing and complications.
Dyspepsia refers to upper abdominal discomfort, early fullness, burning or other symptoms associated with digestion. Causes may include acid-related conditions, functional dyspepsia and certain medications. Gastroenterology assessment helps identify warning symptoms and determine whether lifestyle changes, medication or additional investigations are appropriate.
Abdominal pain can arise from conditions affecting the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and other abdominal organs. Evaluation includes the location and duration of pain, associated symptoms, examination and selected investigations. Treatment is guided by the underlying diagnosis rather than the symptom alone.
Constipation involves infrequent, difficult or incomplete bowel movements. Potential contributing factors include diet, medication, altered bowel function and certain medical conditions. Management may involve appropriate fibre intake, hydration, physical activity, medication and further investigation when symptoms are persistent, severe or associated with warning signs.
Chronic diarrhoea involves persistently loose stools and may be associated with infections, inflammatory bowel disease, medication effects or digestive absorption disorders. Assessment includes symptom history, dietary factors and appropriate laboratory investigations. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause while maintaining adequate hydration and nutrition.
Gallbladder and biliary conditions can cause upper abdominal pain, nausea, jaundice or digestive discomfort. Disorders may include gallstones, bile duct obstruction and inflammation. Evaluation may involve liver function tests and abdominal imaging. Treatment depends on the diagnosis and may require medication, endoscopic intervention or surgical referral.
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas and may cause severe upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Common causes include gallstones and alcohol-related pancreatic injury, although other factors can contribute. Management depends on severity and may require hospitalisation, intravenous fluids, pain control and treatment of the underlying cause.
Abdominal bloating and excessive gas may occur because of dietary factors, constipation, food intolerances and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Evaluation considers symptom patterns, associated conditions and potential warning signs. Management may include dietary modification, appropriate medication and further testing when symptoms are persistent or unexplained.