Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can cause severe upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Common causes include gallstones and alcohol-related pancreatic injury. Treatment depends on severity and may involve hospital monitoring, intravenous fluids, pain management, nutritional support and treatment of the underlying cause.
Chronic pancreatitis is long-standing inflammation that gradually damages pancreatic tissue. It may lead to recurring abdominal pain, poor digestion, weight loss and diabetes. Management includes identifying causes, managing pain, providing pancreatic enzyme replacement when indicated, nutritional support and assessing complications that may need specialist intervention.
Inflammatory bowel disease includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Symptoms may include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and weight loss. Treatment focuses on controlling inflammation, maintaining remission, monitoring complications and improving nutrition through individualised medical care.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It may cause abdominal pain, persistent diarrhoea, fatigue and nutritional deficiencies. Management can include anti-inflammatory or immune-modifying medicines, dietary support, regular monitoring and surgery when complications require intervention.
Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine and rectum. Symptoms commonly include bloody diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort and bowel urgency. Treatment may involve aminosalicylates, corticosteroids for selected flares, immune-modifying therapies and regular assessment to monitor disease activity.
Liver cirrhosis develops when long-term liver injury produces scarring that interferes with normal liver function. Causes include chronic viral hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease and metabolic liver disorders. Management focuses on treating the cause, monitoring complications, nutritional care and evaluating the need for advanced liver treatment.
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, medications, autoimmune conditions or other factors. Evaluation may include blood tests, liver imaging and assessment of the underlying cause. Treatment differs by diagnosis and may involve antiviral medicines, immune-directed treatment or supportive care.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach contents repeatedly flow back into the oesophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation or chest discomfort. Management may include dietary adjustments, weight management, acid-suppressing medication and further investigations when symptoms persist or warning signs are present.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the oesophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine. It may be recommended for swallowing difficulty, gastrointestinal bleeding, persistent symptoms or suspected ulcers. Tissue samples and selected treatments can sometimes be performed during the procedure.
Endoscopic ultrasound combines an endoscope with ultrasound imaging to examine the digestive tract and nearby organs, including the pancreas and bile ducts. It may help evaluate abnormal tissue, pancreatic lesions or gastrointestinal conditions. In selected situations, tissue samples can be obtained using guided needle techniques.
Endoscopic foreign body removal is used to retrieve selected swallowed objects or impacted food from the digestive tract. The procedure involves specialised instruments introduced through an endoscope. Urgency depends on the object's type, size and location, as sharp objects, batteries and complete obstructions may require emergency intervention.
A liver biopsy involves collecting a small liver tissue sample for microscopic examination. It may be recommended when blood tests, imaging or other investigations cannot adequately establish the diagnosis or severity of liver disease. The decision considers potential benefits, bleeding risks and alternative non-invasive investigations.
FibroScan is a non-invasive investigation that measures liver stiffness using transient elastography. It can help assess liver fibrosis in selected patients with chronic liver conditions. The findings are interpreted alongside blood tests, clinical history and imaging because inflammation and other factors may influence the results.
Gastrointestinal bleeding can originate from the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine or colon. Symptoms may include vomiting blood, black stools or rectal bleeding. Investigation depends on the patient's condition and may involve laboratory tests, endoscopy, colonoscopy or imaging to identify the source and guide treatment.
Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction characterised by recurring abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel movements. Treatment may involve dietary modification, symptom-directed medication, stress management and reassurance after appropriate evaluation excludes concerning underlying conditions or warning signs.
Gastrointestinal polyps are abnormal tissue growths found within the digestive tract, commonly in the colon or stomach. Some may have precancerous potential. Endoscopy or colonoscopy can identify polyps, and selected growths may be removed for laboratory examination depending on their size, appearance and location.