Gastroenterology consultation focuses on diagnosing and managing disorders affecting the digestive tract, liver and pancreas. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, acid reflux, changes in bowel habits or unexplained digestive discomfort. Evaluation involves reviewing medical history, performing a clinical examination and selecting appropriate laboratory, imaging or endoscopic investigations.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a procedure used to examine the oesophagus, stomach and upper small intestine with a flexible camera. It may help investigate persistent indigestion, swallowing problems, ulcers or upper digestive tract bleeding. Tissue samples or selected treatments may be performed during the examination when medically indicated.
Colonoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the large intestine and rectum. It may be recommended for persistent changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, suspected inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal screening. Depending on the findings, the procedure may also allow tissue sampling or removal of selected polyps.
Endoscopic variceal ligation is a procedure used to treat or reduce the risk of bleeding from enlarged veins in the oesophagus, often associated with portal hypertension and advanced liver disease. Small elastic bands are applied using an endoscope. Treatment decisions depend on the patient's liver condition, bleeding risk and clinical assessment.
Gastrointestinal dilatation is an endoscopic procedure used to widen selected narrowed areas of the digestive tract. Narrowing may cause swallowing difficulties, food obstruction or other digestive symptoms. The technique and need for repeated treatment depend on the location, length and cause of the stricture, as well as associated risks.
Endoscopic stenting involves placing a specially designed tube within a narrowed part of the gastrointestinal tract to improve passage through the affected area. It may be considered for selected benign or malignant obstructions. The decision depends on the diagnosis, location of narrowing, available treatment alternatives and the patient's overall condition.
Endoscopic polypectomy is a procedure used to remove selected growths called polyps from the gastrointestinal tract, commonly during colonoscopy. Polyps vary in size, appearance and potential health implications. Removed tissue is generally examined by a pathologist. Further monitoring depends on the pathological findings and individual risk factors.
Gastrointestinal bleeding may cause vomiting blood, black stools, rectal bleeding, weakness or unexplained anaemia. Causes include ulcers, varices, inflammatory conditions and abnormal blood vessels. Assessment considers bleeding severity, blood counts and suspected location. Significant bleeding requires urgent hospital treatment, and endoscopic intervention may be necessary.
Liver cirrhosis develops when long-standing liver injury causes substantial scarring. Patients may experience fatigue, jaundice, fluid accumulation or bleeding complications. Management focuses on identifying the underlying cause, monitoring liver function and preventing complications. Some patients with advanced disease require assessment by a specialist liver transplant team.
Portal hypertension is increased pressure within the circulation supplying the liver and can develop in patients with advanced liver disease. It may cause enlarged veins in the oesophagus or stomach that can bleed. Assessment and treatment depend on disease severity and may involve medication, endoscopic therapy and specialist liver care.
Patients with advanced or complex liver disease may require evaluation for possible liver transplantation. Gastroenterology assessment involves reviewing liver function, complications, medical fitness and available treatment options. Transplant decisions require a multidisciplinary transplant team, and specialist consultation does not necessarily mean the gastroenterologist personally performs transplantation surgery.
Inflammatory bowel disease includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, conditions that cause chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and weight loss. Evaluation may require stool tests, blood investigations, endoscopy and imaging. Treatment depends on disease type and severity.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach contents repeatedly move into the oesophagus, producing symptoms such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Evaluation considers symptom patterns and warning signs. Management may include dietary adjustments, lifestyle measures, acid-suppressing medicines and endoscopic investigations when clinically indicated.
Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease may cause upper abdominal discomfort, nausea or digestive bleeding. Possible causes include Helicobacter pylori infection and certain medications. Evaluation may involve laboratory testing or upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, appropriate medication and prevention of complications.
Fatty liver disease may be associated with obesity, diabetes and other metabolic risk factors. Some patients develop inflammation or fibrosis that can progress over time. Assessment considers liver blood tests, metabolic health and appropriate imaging or fibrosis evaluation. Management usually focuses on reducing risk factors and monitoring liver health.
Jaundice is yellowing of the skin or eyes caused by increased bilirubin levels and may result from liver disease, bile duct obstruction or other conditions. Specialist evaluation considers symptoms, liver tests and imaging. Treatment depends on identifying the cause, its severity and whether urgent intervention is required.