A gastroenterology consultation helps evaluate symptoms affecting the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Assessment may include a review of medical history, physical examination and appropriate investigations. The findings help determine whether medication, lifestyle changes, endoscopic evaluation or further specialist care is required.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach contents repeatedly flow back into the oesophagus, potentially causing heartburn, regurgitation and discomfort. Management may include dietary and lifestyle changes, acid-suppressing medication and further evaluation when symptoms persist or warning signs are present.
Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or upper small intestine. Common causes include Helicobacter pylori infection and certain medications. Assessment may involve testing for the underlying cause and selecting appropriate treatment to support healing and reduce the risk of complications.
Inflammatory bowel disease includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, chronic conditions that can cause abdominal pain, diarrhoea and intestinal inflammation. Management depends on disease activity and the areas affected. Treatment may include anti-inflammatory medicines, immunomodulatory therapies, biologic medicines and regular monitoring.
Liver disorders may arise from metabolic conditions, viral infections, alcohol-related injury, autoimmune disease or other causes. Evaluation can include blood tests, imaging and assessment of liver function. Management is tailored to the diagnosis and may involve treating the underlying cause and monitoring for complications.
Fatty liver disease involves excess fat accumulation in the liver and may be associated with metabolic risk factors. Assessment helps identify associated conditions and the likelihood of liver inflammation or scarring. Management may include appropriate lifestyle changes, metabolic risk reduction and clinical monitoring based on individual findings.
Pancreatic disorders include acute or chronic pancreatitis and other conditions affecting digestive enzyme production. Symptoms may include upper abdominal pain, nausea and digestive difficulties. Investigation and treatment depend on the cause, severity and presence of complications, with urgent assessment required for severe or worsening symptoms.
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy uses a flexible camera to examine the oesophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine. It can help investigate swallowing difficulties, persistent upper abdominal symptoms, suspected ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. Biopsies or selected treatments may be performed when clinically indicated.
Colonoscopy allows a specialist to examine the lining of the large intestine using a flexible camera. It may be recommended for persistent bowel symptoms, suspected inflammatory bowel disease, unexplained bleeding or colorectal screening when appropriate. Biopsies and removal of selected polyps may be performed during the procedure.
Endoscopic ultrasound combines endoscopy with ultrasound imaging to examine structures within and around the digestive tract. It can help assess selected pancreatic, biliary and gastrointestinal conditions. In appropriate cases, it also enables tissue sampling or specialised interventions to support diagnosis and treatment planning.
ERCP is a specialised endoscopic procedure used to evaluate and treat selected problems involving the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. It may be used to remove certain duct stones, manage blockages or place stents when indicated. The procedure has specific risks and is recommended following careful clinical assessment.
Capsule endoscopy uses a small camera contained in a swallowable capsule to capture images of the digestive tract, particularly the small intestine. It may be useful when conventional endoscopy has not identified the cause of selected symptoms, such as suspected small-bowel bleeding. Suitability depends on the clinical indication.