Head and neck cancers can affect the mouth, throat, voice box and surrounding structures. Evaluation may involve examination, endoscopy, imaging and biopsy. Treatment depends on the tumour's location and stage and may involve surgery, radiotherapy or systemic treatment.
Oral cancer may develop on the tongue, gums, inner cheeks or other structures within the mouth. Persistent ulcers or suspicious lesions require medical assessment. Diagnosis may involve biopsy, imaging and specialist evaluation of disease extent.
Throat cancers may cause persistent swallowing difficulty, voice changes, throat pain or other symptoms. Assessment may involve endoscopy, tissue sampling and imaging. Treatment is guided by the cancer type, location and stage.
Laryngeal disorders affect the voice box and may cause hoarseness, voice changes or breathing concerns. Evaluation may include clinical examination and flexible laryngoscopy. Treatment depends on whether symptoms are caused by inflammation, structural changes or another condition.
Neck swellings may develop from enlarged lymph nodes, cysts, salivary gland conditions or other causes. Evaluation may include ultrasound, imaging and tissue sampling when appropriate. Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis.
Otology focuses on conditions affecting the ear, including selected hearing disorders and middle-ear diseases. Assessment may involve otoscopy, hearing tests and imaging. Treatment may include medication, hearing support or surgical referral when necessary.
Hearing loss may result from problems involving the outer, middle or inner ear. Assessment includes medical history, examination and appropriate hearing tests. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve medicines, hearing devices or surgery.
Implant otology involves assessing selected patients who may benefit from implantable hearing devices. Evaluation considers hearing test results, anatomy and previous treatments. The type of device and suitability depend on the individual hearing disorder.
Chronic ear infections can cause persistent discharge, discomfort or hearing changes. Evaluation helps identify the affected structures and any complications. Treatment may include medication, cleaning procedures or surgical management in selected cases.
Sinusitis involves inflammation of the sinuses and may cause nasal congestion, facial pressure and reduced smell. Assessment considers symptom duration, nasal examination and selected imaging when appropriate. Treatment depends on the cause and severity.
Nasal obstruction may result from allergies, structural abnormalities or inflammatory conditions. ENT evaluation helps identify the cause through medical history and examination. Treatment may involve medicines, nasal therapies or selected procedures.
Swallowing difficulties can arise from structural, neurological or inflammatory conditions affecting the throat. Assessment may involve examination, endoscopy and specialist investigations. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms.