Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat selected chronic sinus conditions. A small endoscope allows the surgeon to examine the nasal and sinus passages and improve drainage by addressing obstructed areas. Surgery may be considered when appropriate medical treatment has not adequately controlled symptoms.
Chronic sinusitis involves inflammation of the nasal and sinus lining lasting at least 12 weeks. Symptoms may include nasal obstruction, facial pressure, reduced smell and nasal discharge. Assessment involves clinical examination and sometimes nasal endoscopy or imaging. Treatment may include nasal medicines, saline irrigation and surgery in selected cases.
Allergic rhinitis occurs when the immune system reacts to substances such as dust mites, pollen or other environmental allergens. Symptoms can include sneezing, itching, watery nasal discharge and congestion. Management may include allergen avoidance, nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines and allergy assessment when clinically appropriate.
Nasal polyps are soft, noncancerous growths arising from inflamed nasal or sinus lining. They may cause persistent nasal blockage, reduced smell and recurrent sinus symptoms. Treatment often begins with medication. Endoscopic surgery may be considered when significant polyps remain symptomatic despite appropriate medical management.
Septoplasty is an operation performed to correct a significantly deviated nasal septum, the partition separating the two nasal passages. It may be recommended when septal deviation contributes to persistent breathing difficulty or selected other symptoms. Surgical planning depends on nasal examination and the severity of obstruction.
Turbinate reduction surgery aims to improve nasal airflow by reducing enlarged tissues inside the nasal cavity. It may be considered for patients with persistent nasal obstruction who have not responded adequately to medical therapy. Different surgical techniques are available, and treatment selection depends on the underlying cause.
Tinnitus is the perception of ringing, buzzing or other sounds without an external sound source. Evaluation considers hearing status, ear disease, medication exposure and associated symptoms. Management depends on the cause and may include hearing treatment, counselling, sound therapy or other appropriate interventions.
Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or movement that can arise from inner ear or neurological conditions. Assessment includes reviewing symptom patterns, associated hearing changes and balance findings. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve positional manoeuvres, vestibular rehabilitation, medicines or specialist referral.
Canalith repositioning is used to treat selected cases of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, a condition caused by displaced particles within the inner ear. Carefully performed head and body movements help reposition these particles. The appropriate manoeuvre depends on the affected semicircular canal and clinical assessment.
Microscopic ear surgery uses magnification to perform precise procedures on delicate ear structures. It may be used for selected middle ear disorders, eardrum abnormalities and other conditions affecting hearing or ear function. The technique chosen depends on the diagnosis, anatomy and intended treatment outcome.
Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure used to repair selected perforations of the eardrum, sometimes alongside treatment of middle ear abnormalities. It may be considered for persistent perforation, recurrent infections or hearing problems. Evaluation includes ear examination and hearing tests to determine suitability and plan surgery.
Myringotomy involves making a small opening in the eardrum to drain fluid from the middle ear or relieve selected pressure-related problems. A ventilation tube may sometimes be inserted. The procedure is considered according to symptoms, examination findings and the persistence or severity of middle ear disease.
Stapedectomy is an ear operation used in selected cases of conductive hearing loss caused by abnormal fixation of the stapes bone, commonly associated with otosclerosis. The procedure replaces or bypasses part of the affected hearing mechanism. Suitability depends on detailed hearing assessment and middle ear findings.
Laryngeal surgery treats selected abnormalities affecting the voice box, including certain benign lesions and structural problems. Symptoms may involve persistent hoarseness, voice changes or airway concerns. Diagnosis typically requires examination of the larynx, and surgical treatment is recommended according to the underlying condition.
Vocal cord disorders can affect voice production and may cause hoarseness, vocal fatigue or breathing difficulties. Conditions include inflammation, nodules, polyps and vocal fold movement abnormalities. Evaluation may involve laryngoscopy and voice assessment. Treatment can include voice therapy, medication or surgery in selected cases.
Tonsillitis involves inflammation or infection of the tonsils, while enlarged or infected adenoids may contribute to nasal obstruction, snoring or ear problems. Assessment considers symptom severity and recurrence. Treatment may involve medical care or surgery for appropriately selected patients with persistent or significant complications.