Ear infections may affect the outer, middle or inner ear and can cause pain, discharge, reduced hearing or fever. Assessment involves examination of the ear and eardrum, with additional investigations when necessary. Treatment depends on the infection type and may include medicines, ear care or specialist procedures for complicated cases.
Hearing loss can develop because of earwax obstruction, middle-ear disease, inner-ear disorders or age-related changes. ENT evaluation may include examination of the ears and hearing tests such as pure-tone audiometry. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medication, hearing aids or selected surgical interventions.
Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure used to repair a perforated eardrum or reconstruct selected damaged middle-ear structures. It may be considered for persistent eardrum perforations, recurrent infections or associated hearing problems. The operation aims to restore the eardrum's integrity and, when possible, improve hearing while reducing infection risk.
Mastoidectomy involves removing diseased tissue or infected air cells within the mastoid bone behind the ear. It may be required for selected cases of chronic ear disease, cholesteatoma or complications of mastoid infection. Surgical planning depends on the extent of disease, hearing status and surrounding anatomical structures.
Sinusitis occurs when the lining of the nasal sinuses becomes inflamed, often causing nasal blockage, facial pressure, mucus discharge and reduced smell. Management may include saline irrigation, appropriate nasal medicines and treatment of associated conditions. Persistent or recurrent symptoms may require further ENT assessment and imaging when indicated.
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a minimally invasive procedure used for selected patients with chronic sinus disease or nasal polyps that do not respond adequately to medical treatment. A nasal endoscope helps guide instruments through the nostrils. The procedure aims to improve sinus drainage and access for postoperative medical care.
A deviated nasal septum occurs when the partition separating the nasal passages is displaced, sometimes causing persistent nasal obstruction. Septoplasty is a surgical procedure that may be recommended when symptoms are significant and related to septal deviation. Treatment decisions consider nasal anatomy, associated allergies and other possible causes of blockage.
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory condition caused by allergic reactions to substances such as dust mites, pollen or animal allergens. Symptoms include sneezing, a runny nose, itching and congestion. Management may involve allergen avoidance, saline rinses, nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines and specialist evaluation when symptoms remain difficult to control.
Tonsillitis involves inflammation of the tonsils and can cause sore throat, fever and painful swallowing. Treatment depends on whether the cause is viral or bacterial and the severity of symptoms. Tonsillectomy may be considered for selected patients with recurrent significant infections, obstructive symptoms or other specific clinical indications.
Persistent hoarseness may result from vocal strain, inflammation, vocal fold lesions, reflux-related irritation or neurological conditions. ENT evaluation can involve examining the throat and vocal cords, sometimes using flexible laryngoscopy. Treatment depends on the diagnosis and may include voice therapy, medication or selected procedures where necessary.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux describes the movement of stomach contents towards the throat, potentially contributing to irritation, coughing, throat clearing or voice symptoms. These symptoms can also arise from other conditions. Evaluation aims to identify the cause, and management may include lifestyle changes, appropriate medicines or further specialist assessment.
Vertigo is a sensation of spinning that may develop from disorders involving the inner ear or nervous system. Evaluation may include assessment of hearing, balance, eye movements and associated symptoms. Treatment depends on the diagnosis and may involve repositioning manoeuvres, vestibular rehabilitation, medication or referral for further neurological evaluation.