Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body produces little or no insulin. Management requires insulin therapy, regular glucose monitoring and education about preventing low and high blood glucose. Care is tailored to the patient's age, nutrition and activity.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and abnormal blood glucose regulation. Treatment may include dietary changes, exercise, oral medicines or injectable therapies. Regular reviews help assess glucose control and identify complications.
Gestational diabetes is elevated blood glucose first recognised during pregnancy. Management includes nutrition guidance, glucose monitoring and medication when necessary. Treatment is coordinated with obstetric care to reduce pregnancy-related complications.
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones. Symptoms may include fatigue, constipation and sensitivity to cold. Diagnosis involves thyroid function tests, and treatment commonly includes prescribed thyroid hormone replacement.
Hyperthyroidism results from excessive thyroid hormone activity. Symptoms can include rapid heartbeat, tremor, sweating and weight loss. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve medicines, radioactive iodine or surgery.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal condition that may cause irregular periods, increased androgen activity and metabolic changes. Management depends on symptoms, blood glucose risk and reproductive goals, and may include lifestyle measures or medication.
Obesity management considers weight-related health risks, nutrition, activity and contributing metabolic or hormonal conditions. Treatment may include structured lifestyle interventions and prescription medicines when appropriate. Individual assessment guides realistic goals.
Pituitary disorders can affect hormone production controlling growth, reproduction, thyroid function and other processes. Evaluation may require hormone testing and specialised imaging. Treatment depends on whether the problem involves hormone excess, deficiency or a structural abnormality.
Adrenal glands produce hormones involved in metabolism, stress response and blood pressure regulation. Disorders may cause excessive or insufficient hormone production. Diagnosis can involve blood tests, specialised hormone investigations and imaging.
Low testosterone may cause symptoms affecting sexual function, energy or physical wellbeing. Evaluation requires a clinical history and appropriately timed hormone testing. Treatment is considered only after confirming the diagnosis and assessing potential risks.
Growth and pubertal disorders may involve delayed growth, early puberty or abnormal hormone development. Assessment considers height patterns, developmental history and hormonal investigations. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the patient's age.
Osteoporosis reduces bone strength and increases fracture risk. Evaluation may include bone density testing, fracture history and laboratory investigations. Treatment may involve appropriate nutrition, exercise and medicines to reduce fracture risk.
Metabolic bone disorders affect bone health through changes in calcium, vitamin D, phosphate or hormone regulation. Assessment may include blood tests and imaging. Treatment depends on the specific metabolic abnormality and its effects on bone health.
Pregnancy can alter thyroid and glucose regulation and affect the management of existing endocrine conditions. Specialist care may involve appropriate testing, medication adjustment and coordination with obstetric professionals to support maternal and fetal health.