Coronary artery bypass grafting is performed to improve blood supply to heart muscle when coronary arteries are significantly narrowed or blocked. Blood vessels from elsewhere in the body are used to create alternative routes for circulation. Surgery is considered after evaluating symptoms, coronary anatomy and overall cardiac risk.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is performed while the heart continues beating, without conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. It may be appropriate for selected patients with coronary artery disease. The decision depends on the patient's clinical condition, coronary anatomy and surgical assessment.
Total arterial revascularisation is a coronary bypass approach that uses arterial grafts rather than relying on vein grafts. Arterial conduits can provide durable blood flow in appropriately selected patients. The choice depends on coronary disease, patient characteristics and graft suitability.
Mitral valve repair aims to correct a malfunctioning mitral valve while preserving the patient's own valve tissue where possible. It may be considered when the valve leaks because of structural abnormalities. Repair techniques are selected according to the valve anatomy and severity of dysfunction.
Heart valve replacement treats severe valve narrowing or leakage when repair is unsuitable. A damaged valve may be replaced with a mechanical or biological prosthesis. Selection depends on the affected valve, patient age, medical condition and the long-term implications of each option.
Redo valve surgery involves operating on a heart valve after a previous cardiac procedure. It may be necessary because of prosthetic valve deterioration, recurrent valve disease or certain complications. These operations require careful imaging, surgical planning and evaluation of individual risk.
Aortic surgery treats conditions involving the body's main artery, including certain aneurysms and dissections. Procedures may involve repairing or replacing a diseased section of the aorta. Treatment depends on the location, size, symptoms, imaging findings and urgency of the condition.
Carotid endarterectomy is a vascular procedure that removes plaque from a narrowed carotid artery in selected patients. It may reduce stroke risk when the expected benefit outweighs procedural risk. Treatment decisions consider symptoms, degree of narrowing and general health.
Heart transplantation may be considered for carefully selected patients with advanced heart failure when other treatments cannot provide adequate benefit. The process requires comprehensive evaluation, donor matching, major surgery and lifelong immunosuppressive treatment with close specialist follow-up.
ECMO is a specialised form of temporary life support that assists circulation, oxygenation or both in critically ill patients. It may be used in selected cases of severe heart or lung failure. Continuous monitoring and intensive care expertise are required.
A left ventricular assist device is a mechanical pump that supports blood circulation in selected patients with severe left ventricular failure. It may be used as a bridge to transplantation or as longer-term therapy. Implantation requires detailed evaluation and ongoing specialised care.
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy removes organised obstructive material from pulmonary arteries in selected patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The procedure aims to improve pulmonary blood flow and reduce pressure on the right side of the heart. Specialist assessment determines operability.