Paediatric cardiac surgery addresses congenital and acquired heart conditions in children. Surgical treatment may be recommended when structural heart defects affect blood circulation, oxygen levels or heart function. The approach depends on the child's age, anatomy, symptoms and overall medical condition.
Neonatal cardiac surgery involves surgical treatment of serious heart defects during the first weeks of life. Some newborns require urgent correction of abnormalities affecting blood circulation. Specialist evaluation, intensive care and postoperative monitoring are essential components of treatment.
A ventricular septal defect is an opening between the heart's lower chambers. Larger defects may increase blood flow to the lungs and affect heart function. Surgical closure may be recommended when symptoms, pulmonary pressure or cardiac enlargement indicate a need for intervention.
An atrial septal defect is an opening between the heart's upper chambers. Significant defects can cause excess blood flow through the lungs and enlargement of the right side of the heart. Some require surgical closure when catheter-based treatment is unsuitable.
Patent ductus arteriosus occurs when a blood vessel that normally closes after birth remains open. Persistent flow may place additional strain on the heart and lungs. Surgical ligation is considered in selected patients when closure is medically necessary.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart condition involving four structural abnormalities. Corrective surgery aims to improve blood flow to the lungs and address associated defects. Timing and surgical techniques depend on the child's clinical condition and cardiac anatomy.
An arterial switch operation is commonly performed for certain forms of transposition of the great arteries. It involves repositioning the major arteries and coronary arteries to establish appropriate circulation. The procedure is usually considered during early infancy following specialist assessment.
Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the body's main artery that can restrict blood flow and increase pressure on the heart. Surgical repair may involve removing or reconstructing the narrowed section. Long-term cardiovascular monitoring remains important after treatment.
A Blalock-Taussig shunt is a surgical connection used in selected congenital heart conditions to increase blood flow to the lungs. It may serve as a temporary measure before definitive corrective surgery. The decision depends on the child's anatomy and oxygenation.
The Glenn procedure is a staged cardiac operation for selected children with single-ventricle heart anatomy. It connects venous blood flow from the upper body directly to the pulmonary arteries, reducing workload on the heart and preparing for possible subsequent surgery.
The Fontan procedure is used in selected patients with single-ventricle congenital heart disease. It directs systemic venous blood toward the lungs without passing through a pumping ventricle. Lifelong specialist follow-up is necessary because circulation remains physiologically different from a normal two-ventricle heart.
Congenital valve surgery addresses malformed, narrowed or leaking heart valves present from birth. Repair or replacement may be considered depending on the valve anatomy, severity of dysfunction and overall cardiac condition. Treatment planning aims to preserve heart function and support long-term growth.