Coronary angiography is an imaging procedure used to examine blood flow through the coronary arteries. A contrast agent and X-ray imaging help identify narrowed or blocked vessels, supporting decisions about medication, angioplasty, bypass surgery or other suitable treatment options.
Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive catheter-based procedure used to widen narrowed coronary arteries. A small balloon is inflated inside the affected artery, and a stent may be placed to help maintain blood flow to the heart muscle.
Complex coronary angioplasty may be considered when patients have challenging coronary blockages, extensive calcification or difficult arterial anatomy. Treatment planning requires detailed assessment of the patient's cardiovascular condition, procedural risks and the suitability of available catheter-based techniques.
Primary angioplasty is an emergency procedure used for suitable patients experiencing certain types of acute heart attack. The blocked coronary artery is opened through a catheter-based intervention to restore blood flow and reduce the extent of heart muscle damage.
A permanent pacemaker is a small electronic device that helps maintain an appropriate heart rhythm when the natural electrical conduction system functions abnormally. Implantation may be recommended for certain symptomatic slow heart rhythms or conduction disorders following specialist evaluation.
Temporary pacing provides short-term electrical stimulation to support heart rhythm in selected urgent or reversible conditions. It may be required when a patient develops a dangerously slow heart rate or certain conduction disturbances while the underlying cause is evaluated and treated.
Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque buildup narrows the arteries supplying the heart. Management may include lifestyle changes, cholesterol-lowering medicines, antiplatelet therapy and selected revascularisation procedures, depending on the severity of disease and the patient's symptoms.
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump or fill efficiently enough to meet the body's needs. Treatment may involve medicines, fluid management, lifestyle adjustments, monitoring and selected cardiac procedures according to the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
Hypertension is persistently elevated blood pressure that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney complications. Management involves regular blood pressure assessment, lifestyle modifications, evaluation of contributing conditions and appropriate medication when clinically indicated.
Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases affecting the structure or function of the heart muscle. Evaluation may include imaging, electrocardiography and other investigations. Treatment varies with the type of cardiomyopathy and may involve medication, monitoring or selected cardiac devices.
Valvular heart disease develops when a heart valve becomes narrowed or fails to close properly. Assessment commonly involves echocardiography and clinical examination to determine severity, monitor progression and identify patients who may need medication or a specialist procedural evaluation.
Preventive cardiology focuses on reducing cardiovascular risk through assessment and management of blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, physical activity and diet. Individualised risk evaluation helps patients understand measures that may reduce future heart attacks and other cardiovascular complications.