Cardiology consultation involves assessing symptoms and medical conditions related to the heart and blood vessels. Evaluation includes medical history, physical examination and appropriate investigations. A cardiologist may recommend medication, monitoring or additional specialist procedures based on the diagnosis.
Coronary artery disease develops when plaque narrows the arteries supplying blood to the heart. It may cause chest discomfort, breathlessness or other symptoms. Evaluation can include electrocardiography, stress testing or coronary imaging depending on clinical risk.
Persistent high blood pressure increases the risk of heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Cardiovascular management involves blood pressure assessment, lifestyle changes and medication when necessary. Regular monitoring helps reduce the risk of long-term complications.
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump or fill effectively enough to meet the body's needs. Symptoms may include breathlessness, fatigue and swelling. Evaluation may involve blood tests, ECG and echocardiography to identify the cause and guide treatment.
Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities in heart rhythm that may cause palpitations, dizziness or fainting. Evaluation can include an ECG, ambulatory monitoring and assessment of cardiac structure. Treatment depends on the type of rhythm disorder and associated clinical risk.
An electrocardiogram records the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin. It can identify certain rhythm abnormalities and changes associated with cardiac disease. ECG results are interpreted alongside symptoms and other clinical findings.
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to examine heart chambers, valves and pumping function. It helps evaluate conditions such as valve disease, cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The test is non-invasive and may be repeated to monitor changes over time.
Cardiac stress testing evaluates heart function during physical activity or medically induced stress. It may help assess symptoms or the likelihood of certain cardiovascular problems. The test is selected according to the patient's condition and clinical indications.
Preventive cardiology focuses on identifying and reducing factors that increase cardiovascular disease risk. Assessment may include blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, smoking history and lifestyle habits. Management involves personalised prevention strategies and appropriate medical treatment.
Heart valve diseases occur when valves become narrowed or fail to close properly. Symptoms can include fatigue, breathlessness and reduced exercise capacity. Echocardiography is commonly used to assess severity and determine the need for monitoring or intervention.