Coronary angiography is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the arteries supplying blood to the heart. A catheter and contrast dye are used with X-ray imaging to identify significant narrowing or blockages. It may be recommended for selected patients with symptoms or test findings suggesting coronary artery disease.
Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to open significantly narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon catheter is used to widen the affected artery, and a stent may be inserted to help maintain blood flow. It may be considered for selected patients with coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndromes.
Coronary artery disease develops when plaque builds up within the arteries supplying blood to the heart. Symptoms may include chest discomfort, breathlessness or reduced exercise tolerance. Management can involve lifestyle modification, medication and, in selected cases, procedures such as coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery following specialist evaluation.
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump or fill with blood effectively enough to meet the body's needs. Patients may experience breathlessness, fatigue or swelling in the legs. Treatment includes identifying underlying causes, appropriate medication, lifestyle guidance and ongoing monitoring of symptoms and cardiac function.
Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. Symptoms can include palpitations, dizziness, weakness or occasional fainting. Evaluation may involve electrocardiography, ambulatory heart rhythm monitoring and echocardiography. Treatment depends on the arrhythmia type and may include medication or referral for specialist rhythm procedures.
Preventive cardiology focuses on reducing the risk of heart disease through early assessment and management of cardiovascular risk factors. These include hypertension, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, smoking, obesity and physical inactivity. Care may involve regular monitoring, personalised lifestyle changes, medication when indicated and long-term cardiovascular risk management.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney complications. Evaluation includes accurate blood pressure measurement, assessment of cardiovascular risk and investigation of possible contributing conditions. Management may involve dietary changes, physical activity, weight management and prescribed blood pressure medication.
Dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of cholesterol or other fats in the blood. It can contribute to plaque formation within arteries and increase cardiovascular risk. Management involves lipid testing, assessment of risk factors, dietary modification, exercise and cholesterol-lowering medication when appropriate for the patient's risk profile.
Cardio-metabolic care addresses interconnected conditions such as diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure that increase the likelihood of cardiovascular disease. Assessment involves reviewing metabolic health and identifying modifiable risk factors. Treatment may combine medication, nutritional guidance, physical activity and regular monitoring of heart and metabolic health.
An electrocardiogram records the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin. It is commonly used to investigate chest discomfort, palpitations, irregular heartbeat and other cardiac symptoms. The test provides useful information about heart rhythm and certain electrical abnormalities, although additional investigations may sometimes be necessary.
Echocardiography is an ultrasound examination used to assess the heart's chambers, valves, movement and pumping function. It may be recommended for patients with breathlessness, suspected heart failure, murmurs or other cardiovascular concerns. The investigation helps cardiologists understand heart structure and function without exposing patients to ionising radiation.
Global longitudinal strain echocardiography is an advanced ultrasound technique used to measure changes in heart muscle deformation during contraction. It may help identify subtle abnormalities in cardiac function that are not always apparent from standard measurements. It can be useful in selected cardiac conditions and during monitoring of potentially cardiotoxic treatments.
Cardio-oncology monitoring focuses on cardiovascular health in patients receiving cancer treatment. Certain chemotherapy agents and targeted therapies can affect heart function. Cardiac assessment may include clinical evaluation, ECG, echocardiography and selected laboratory tests. Monitoring aims to identify potential treatment-related cardiac complications and support coordinated management with oncology teams.
Cardiovascular health screening evaluates factors that may increase the risk of heart disease. Depending on individual needs, assessment can include blood pressure measurement, cholesterol and glucose testing, medical history review and selected cardiac investigations. Screening recommendations should be based on age, symptoms, family history and overall cardiovascular risk.