Coronary angiography is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the arteries supplying blood to the heart. A contrast agent and X-ray imaging help identify narrowing or blockages. The results guide decisions about medication, angioplasty or other treatments.
Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to open selected narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon catheter is used, and a stent is often placed to help maintain blood flow. Suitability depends on the location and severity of coronary disease.
Coronary imaging helps assess the structure and condition of arteries supplying the heart. Different imaging techniques may be used depending on the patient's symptoms and investigation findings. The information can help guide treatment planning for coronary artery disease.
A pacemaker is a small electronic device used to regulate the heartbeat in selected patients with abnormally slow heart rhythms or conduction disorders. The device delivers electrical impulses when needed. Implantation requires assessment of the underlying heart rhythm problem.
An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator monitors heart rhythm and can deliver treatment for certain life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. ICD implantation may be recommended for selected patients at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Eligibility depends on individual cardiac assessment.
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy uses a specialised implanted device to improve coordination between the heart's ventricles in selected patients with heart failure. It may improve symptoms and cardiac function when appropriate clinical criteria are met.
Echocardiography is a non-invasive ultrasound examination used to assess heart chambers, valves, pumping function and blood flow. It is commonly used in the evaluation of heart failure, valve disease and other cardiac conditions.
Paediatric echocardiography uses ultrasound to evaluate the structure and function of a child's heart. It may help identify congenital abnormalities, valve problems or changes in heart function. The examination is selected according to the child's symptoms and clinical findings.
Transoesophageal echocardiography uses an ultrasound probe passed into the oesophagus to obtain detailed images of the heart. It may be recommended when standard echocardiography does not provide sufficient information or when specific cardiac structures require closer assessment.
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood effectively enough to meet the body's needs. Management may include medication, lifestyle measures, monitoring and selected device-based therapies. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of cardiac dysfunction.
Uncontrolled hypertension refers to blood pressure that remains above the desired target despite treatment or other measures. Evaluation includes reviewing medication, lifestyle factors and possible secondary causes. Management aims to reduce cardiovascular and kidney-related risks.
Lipid disorders involve abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that may increase cardiovascular risk. Treatment can include lifestyle changes and medicines such as statins when indicated. Regular monitoring helps assess treatment response and overall heart disease risk.
Preventive cardiology focuses on identifying and reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Assessment may include blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes status, smoking history and family history. Recommendations are tailored to individual risk and health needs.