Coronary angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to open narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon is inflated within the affected vessel, and a stent may be placed to help maintain blood flow. The procedure is considered according to coronary anatomy, symptoms and clinical indications.
Coronary stenting involves placing a small expandable metal scaffold within a coronary artery to support blood flow after angioplasty. Stent selection depends on the artery and clinical situation. Patients generally require appropriate antiplatelet medication and follow-up to reduce the risk of complications.
TAVI is a minimally invasive procedure that replaces a diseased aortic valve using a catheter-based approach. It is commonly considered for selected patients with severe aortic stenosis. Suitability depends on valve anatomy, symptoms, surgical risk and multidisciplinary heart-team assessment.
Structural heart interventions treat selected abnormalities affecting heart valves, walls or other cardiac structures using catheter-based techniques. These procedures may offer alternatives to conventional surgery in appropriate patients. Detailed imaging and specialist evaluation are required to determine the suitable treatment approach.
Balloon valvuloplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to widen certain narrowed heart valves. A balloon is positioned across the affected valve and inflated to improve the opening. Its role varies according to valve type, severity and whether further treatment may be required.
Rotational atherectomy is a specialised coronary intervention used for selected heavily calcified arterial lesions. A rotating device modifies calcium within the artery to facilitate balloon expansion and stent placement. It is generally performed as part of complex coronary angioplasty after careful anatomical assessment.
Intravascular ultrasound is a catheter-based imaging technique that produces images from inside blood vessels. It helps assess plaque, vessel size and stent expansion during selected coronary interventions. These measurements can guide procedural planning and improve the accuracy of treatment decisions.
Optical coherence tomography is an intravascular imaging technique that uses light to provide detailed views of coronary artery structures. It may assist with evaluating plaques, planning stent placement and assessing procedural results. Its use depends on the clinical situation and procedural requirements.
Some congenital heart defects can be treated using catheter-delivered closure devices rather than open-heart surgery. Appropriate patient selection requires detailed assessment of the defect's size, location and associated heart conditions. Certain defects are not suitable for catheter-based closure.
Peripheral vascular interventions are catheter-based procedures used to treat selected narrowed or blocked arteries outside the heart. Treatment may involve angioplasty, stenting or other techniques. The choice depends on symptoms, vessel anatomy and overall cardiovascular health.
Renal artery stenting involves placing a stent in a narrowed artery supplying the kidney. It is considered only for selected clinical indications because many patients are managed medically. Careful assessment of kidney function, blood pressure and vascular anatomy is important before intervention.
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump or fill effectively enough to meet the body's needs. Management may involve medication, cardiac devices and specialised circulatory support in selected severe cases. Treatment is tailored according to the underlying cause, symptoms and cardiac function.
Pacemakers and other cardiac devices help manage selected heart rhythm and conduction disorders. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators may treat dangerous arrhythmias, while cardiac resynchronisation devices are used in certain heart failure patients. Device selection requires careful cardiological evaluation.
Mechanical circulatory support devices temporarily assist blood circulation in selected patients with severe cardiac failure or cardiogenic shock. Technologies may include Impella and VA-ECMO. These treatments require specialist teams, intensive monitoring and careful assessment of potential benefits and complications.