Interventional cardiology focuses on diagnosing and treating selected cardiovascular conditions using minimally invasive catheter-based techniques. Patients with coronary artery disease, structural heart problems or certain vascular conditions may require specialist assessment. Evaluation involves reviewing symptoms, cardiovascular risk factors, clinical findings and investigations to determine whether medical treatment or an intervention is appropriate.
Coronary angiography is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. A catheter and contrast dye allow clinicians to identify narrowed or blocked arteries using X-ray imaging. Results help guide decisions about medication, angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.
Coronary angioplasty, also called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), treats selected narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon may be used to widen the affected vessel, and a stent is often placed to help maintain blood flow. Treatment depends on coronary anatomy, symptoms, heart function and overall medical condition.
Complex coronary angioplasty involves catheter-based treatment of challenging coronary artery disease, such as selected heavily calcified, long or anatomically complicated blockages. The procedure may require advanced guidewires, imaging or other specialised equipment. Treatment planning considers technical feasibility, alternative revascularisation options and the patient's cardiovascular risk.
Primary angioplasty is an emergency procedure used for appropriate patients experiencing certain types of acute heart attack, particularly ST-elevation myocardial infarction. It aims to reopen a blocked coronary artery and restore blood flow promptly. Patients with suspected heart attack symptoms require immediate emergency medical evaluation rather than waiting for a routine appointment.
Peripheral angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to widen selected narrowed or blocked blood vessels outside the heart. It may be considered for certain cases of peripheral artery disease that cause symptoms or threaten tissue health. Suitability depends on the affected vessel, severity of disease, clinical findings and alternative treatment options.
Venous angioplasty involves widening selected narrowed veins using catheter-based balloon techniques. It may be considered for certain venous obstructions after appropriate imaging and specialist assessment. Treatment depends on the location and cause of narrowing, symptoms, associated medical conditions and whether additional intervention is required.
Balloon mitral valvoplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to treat selected patients with mitral valve stenosis. A balloon is positioned across the narrowed valve and inflated to improve valve opening. Eligibility depends on valve anatomy, severity of narrowing, associated regurgitation and the presence of other cardiovascular conditions.
Balloon aortic valvoplasty uses a catheter-mounted balloon to widen a severely narrowed aortic valve in selected circumstances. The procedure may provide temporary relief or serve as a bridge to definitive treatment in appropriate patients. Treatment planning depends on valve anatomy, symptoms, procedural risks and available alternatives.
Balloon pulmonary valvoplasty treats selected cases of pulmonary valve stenosis, in which the valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery is narrowed. A catheter-delivered balloon is used to widen the valve opening. Clinical suitability depends on the severity of stenosis, valve structure and associated heart abnormalities.
Atrial septal defect is an opening in the wall separating the heart's two upper chambers. Some suitable defects can be closed through a catheter using an implanted closure device. Eligibility depends on the defect's size, location, surrounding tissue and the effects on heart function and circulation.
Ventricular septal defect is an opening in the wall separating the heart's lower chambers. Selected defects may be suitable for catheter-based device closure, while others require surgery or monitoring. Treatment decisions depend on the defect's anatomy, size, blood flow effects and risk to neighbouring cardiac structures.
Patent ductus arteriosus is a persistent connection between two major blood vessels near the heart that normally closes after birth. Selected cases can be treated using catheter-delivered closure devices. The decision depends on the connection's size, effects on circulation, patient age and associated cardiovascular findings.
A permanent pacemaker is an implanted electronic device that helps maintain an appropriate heart rate in selected patients with slow heart rhythms or conduction disorders. The system typically includes a pulse generator and one or more leads, although leadless options are available for specific indications. Device selection requires careful cardiac rhythm evaluation.
An implantable cardioverter defibrillator is a cardiac device designed to detect and treat certain dangerous ventricular heart rhythms. It may be recommended for selected patients at increased risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. Eligibility depends on cardiac diagnosis, heart function, previous rhythm events and established clinical criteria.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy uses a specialised implanted device to improve coordination between the heart's ventricles in selected patients with heart failure and electrical conduction abnormalities. Some devices also provide defibrillator functions. Assessment includes heart function, ECG findings, symptoms and response to appropriate medical treatment.