Coronary angiography is a diagnostic procedure used to examine blood flow through the coronary arteries. A catheter is introduced into a blood vessel, and contrast dye is used with X-ray imaging to identify narrowing or blockages. It helps cardiologists evaluate coronary artery disease and determine whether medication or an intervention is appropriate.
Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to improve blood flow through narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon catheter is positioned at the affected area and inflated to widen the vessel. A coronary stent is often placed to help maintain blood flow and reduce the likelihood of recurrent narrowing.
Percutaneous coronary intervention is a catheter-based treatment for selected coronary artery blockages. It commonly involves balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. PCI may be performed during certain heart attacks or for significant coronary narrowing when clinically indicated. Treatment decisions depend on symptoms, coronary anatomy and the patient's overall cardiovascular condition.
Complex coronary interventions address challenging coronary artery disease, including selected heavily calcified, branching or chronically occluded vessels. Treatment may require specialized wires, balloons, imaging techniques and stents. The approach depends on coronary anatomy, procedural risk and expected clinical benefit. Not every complex blockage requires or is suitable for catheter-based intervention.
Cardiac catheterisation involves introducing a thin flexible tube into the heart or blood vessels to evaluate cardiovascular conditions. Depending on the procedure, it may assess blood pressure, coronary circulation or heart function. It can also provide access for certain treatments. The type of catheterisation is selected according to the patient's clinical needs.
Coronary artery disease develops when plaque accumulates within arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle. Management may involve cholesterol-lowering medication, blood pressure control, lifestyle changes and antiplatelet therapy when indicated. Some patients require angioplasty or bypass surgery. Treatment selection depends on symptoms, disease severity and cardiovascular risk.
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood or fill effectively enough to meet the body's needs. Symptoms may include breathlessness, fatigue and fluid retention. Treatment can involve medication, management of underlying causes, lifestyle guidance and selected cardiac devices. Regular assessment helps monitor symptoms, heart function and treatment response.
Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases affecting the structure or function of the heart muscle. Some forms cause reduced pumping ability, abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure. Evaluation may include ECG, echocardiography and other investigations. Treatment varies according to the type, underlying cause, symptoms and risk of complications.
Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities in the heart's rhythm, which may cause palpitations, dizziness, fainting or other symptoms. Assessment can involve an ECG, Holter monitoring and additional cardiac tests. Management may include medication, monitoring or referral for specialized procedures depending on the rhythm disorder and associated clinical risks.
Hypertension is persistently elevated blood pressure that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney complications. Management includes accurate blood pressure measurement, assessment of cardiovascular risk, dietary modification, physical activity and medication when appropriate. Regular follow-up helps determine whether blood pressure targets are being achieved safely.
Peripheral artery disease commonly results from reduced blood flow through arteries supplying the legs. Symptoms may include walking-related leg pain, while advanced disease can cause wounds or pain at rest. Management may include exercise therapy, risk-factor control, medication and selected endovascular procedures when circulation is significantly impaired.
Peripheral angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to widen narrowed arteries outside the heart, commonly in the lower limbs. A balloon is inflated within the affected vessel, and a stent may be inserted when necessary. The procedure is considered according to symptoms, arterial anatomy and the severity of circulation problems.
An electrocardiogram records the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin. It helps detect abnormal heart rhythms, conduction disturbances and certain changes associated with heart disease. ECG is a quick, non-invasive investigation commonly used during cardiovascular assessment, although additional testing may be needed for diagnosis.
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to produce images of the heart and assess its structure and function. It can evaluate heart chambers, pumping ability, valve function and selected congenital abnormalities. The test is non-invasive in its standard transthoracic form and provides important information for diagnosing and monitoring cardiovascular conditions.
Holter monitoring records the heart's electrical activity continuously over a specified period, commonly 24 to 48 hours. It can help identify intermittent rhythm abnormalities that may not appear during a standard ECG. Patients may be asked to record symptoms and activities so clinicians can compare them with the recorded heart rhythm.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring measures blood pressure at regular intervals during normal daily activities and sleep. It can help identify white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension and variations in blood pressure throughout the day. Results assist clinicians in confirming a diagnosis and evaluating the effectiveness of prescribed treatment.