Coronary angiography is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the coronary arteries and identify narrowing or blockages that may affect blood flow to the heart. A contrast agent is introduced through a catheter, and X-ray imaging is used to visualize the arteries. The findings help determine whether medication, angioplasty, or other treatment may be appropriate.
Coronary angioplasty, also called percutaneous coronary intervention, is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat selected narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A catheter and balloon are used to widen the affected artery, frequently with the placement of a stent. The procedure aims to improve coronary blood flow and relieve symptoms or treat acute coronary conditions.
Primary angioplasty is an emergency catheter-based procedure commonly used to reopen a blocked coronary artery during certain types of acute heart attack. Treatment involves identifying the blockage and restoring blood flow, often through balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Prompt intervention can help limit heart muscle damage in appropriately selected patients.
Elective coronary angioplasty is a planned intervention for selected patients with coronary artery narrowing. It may be considered when symptoms persist despite appropriate medical management or when clinical investigations identify a suitable indication. The decision depends on coronary anatomy, symptoms, overall cardiovascular risk, and discussion of available treatment options.
Coronary stent placement involves inserting a small expandable metal scaffold into a narrowed coronary artery during angioplasty. The stent helps maintain blood flow through the treated segment. Some stents release medication to reduce the risk of repeat narrowing. Patients generally require appropriate antiplatelet treatment and ongoing cardiovascular follow-up.
Cardiac pacemaker implantation is performed for selected patients with abnormal heart rhythms, particularly certain conditions causing an excessively slow heartbeat. A small electronic device sends electrical impulses to help maintain an appropriate heart rate. The need for implantation depends on symptoms, electrocardiographic findings, and specialist assessment.
Coronary artery disease develops when atherosclerotic plaque narrows the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle. Management may include medications, cholesterol and blood pressure control, lifestyle modifications, and selected interventional procedures. Treatment planning depends on symptom severity, cardiovascular risk factors, diagnostic findings, and coronary artery involvement.
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump or fill effectively enough to meet the body's needs. Patients may experience breathlessness, fatigue, and fluid retention. Management involves assessing the underlying cause, using evidence-based medications, monitoring symptoms and organ function, and considering device-based or other treatments when clinically indicated.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is an important risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease, and other cardiovascular complications. Management includes regular blood pressure assessment, lifestyle changes, and appropriate medications. Treatment is individualized according to blood pressure levels, associated conditions, and the patient's overall cardiovascular risk.
Heart rhythm assessment helps identify abnormalities in the heart's electrical activity, including rhythms that are too slow, too fast, or irregular. Evaluation may involve an electrocardiogram, ambulatory monitoring, and additional investigations. Findings guide decisions about medication, further specialist testing, or device-based treatment when appropriate.
Chest pain and angina evaluation focuses on identifying whether discomfort is related to reduced blood flow to the heart. Assessment considers symptoms, cardiovascular risk factors, examination findings, and diagnostic tests. Sudden or severe chest pain may require emergency care, while stable symptoms may be investigated through planned cardiology assessment.
Cardiovascular risk assessment evaluates factors that increase the likelihood of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. These include hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, family history, and existing medical conditions. The assessment helps guide preventive strategies, medication decisions, lifestyle recommendations, and appropriate cardiovascular follow-up.