Coronary angiography is a diagnostic procedure that uses contrast dye and X-ray imaging to examine blood flow through the coronary arteries. It helps identify significant narrowing or blockage in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The findings guide decisions about medication, angioplasty, stenting or coronary bypass surgery.
Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to improve blood flow through narrowed coronary arteries. A catheter-mounted balloon may be used to widen the affected segment, often followed by stent placement. Treatment decisions depend on symptoms, coronary anatomy, clinical urgency and the patient's overall health.
Left main coronary artery intervention treats significant narrowing in the major artery supplying a large portion of the heart muscle. These procedures require detailed assessment because of the importance of the affected vessel. Angioplasty or bypass surgery may be recommended according to coronary anatomy, disease complexity and individual risk.
Coronary bifurcation angioplasty treats narrowing located where a coronary artery divides into two branches. These lesions may require specialised wiring, ballooning and stenting techniques to preserve blood flow in both vessels. Procedural planning depends on branch size, disease distribution, plaque characteristics and the patient's clinical condition.
The Nanocrush technique is a specialised coronary stenting approach associated with the treatment of selected bifurcation lesions. It involves precise positioning and deployment of stents to address disease at a coronary branch point. Its suitability depends on the anatomy and complexity of the lesion and the interventional cardiologist's judgement.
Rotational atherectomy is an interventional technique used to modify heavily calcified plaque within selected coronary arteries. A specialised rotating device helps prepare the narrowed vessel for balloon expansion and stent placement. It is considered when severe calcification makes conventional angioplasty difficult or less effective.
Intravascular lithotripsy uses controlled pressure waves delivered through a specialised balloon to modify calcium within selected coronary artery lesions. This may help improve vessel expansion before stenting. The technique is considered when coronary calcification creates difficulties for conventional balloon angioplasty and requires careful procedural assessment.
Chronic total occlusion refers to a coronary artery that has been completely blocked for an extended period. CTO angioplasty uses specialised guidewires, catheters and techniques to attempt to reopen selected blockages. Treatment decisions consider symptoms, evidence of reduced blood flow, procedural complexity and alternative management options.
Intravascular ultrasound uses a miniature ultrasound probe inside a coronary artery to provide detailed images of the vessel wall, plaque and stents. It may help assess lesion size, vessel dimensions and stent expansion. The information supports procedural planning and optimisation during selected coronary interventions.
Optical coherence tomography is an intravascular imaging technique that uses light to produce high-resolution images of coronary artery structures. It may help evaluate plaque characteristics, stent positioning and vessel abnormalities. OCT is used selectively during coronary assessment and intervention when detailed anatomical information is required.
Fractional flow reserve is a physiological measurement used to determine whether a coronary artery narrowing significantly restricts blood flow. It involves assessing pressure differences across a lesion under appropriate testing conditions. The result can help guide decisions about whether stenting or medical management is more suitable.
Peripheral angioplasty treats selected narrowed or blocked arteries outside the heart, commonly those supplying the lower limbs. A catheter and balloon may be used to widen the vessel, sometimes with stent placement. Treatment depends on symptoms, blood flow impairment, anatomy and the risk of complications.
A pacemaker is an implanted electronic device used to help regulate heart rhythm in selected patients with abnormally slow heartbeats or conduction disorders. Implantation involves placing electrical leads and a pulse generator. The device type and need for treatment are determined through cardiac rhythm evaluation and clinical assessment.
Cardiac implantable electronic devices may be recommended for certain rhythm abnormalities or heart failure conditions. Devices include pacemakers and, for selected patients, implantable defibrillators or cardiac resynchronisation systems. Selection depends on the underlying condition, cardiac function, rhythm investigations and relevant treatment guidelines.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat selected patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. A replacement valve is delivered through a catheter, commonly using an artery in the groin. Suitability is assessed by a multidisciplinary heart team based on valve anatomy, symptoms and treatment risks.
Structural heart interventions address selected abnormalities involving heart valves, chambers or other structural components using catheter-based techniques. Treatment may be considered for certain valve disorders or congenital structural conditions. Appropriate investigations and multidisciplinary assessment determine whether catheter-based intervention, surgery or medical management is recommended.