Coronary angiography is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the arteries supplying blood to the heart. A catheter and contrast dye are used with X-ray imaging to identify narrowing or blockages. The findings help determine whether medication, angioplasty or another treatment is appropriate.
Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive treatment used to widen selected narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon catheter is positioned at the affected site, and a stent may be inserted to maintain blood flow. Treatment depends on the severity and location of coronary disease.
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is an emergency catheter-based treatment used for certain types of heart attack, particularly ST-elevation myocardial infarction. It aims to reopen the blocked coronary artery and restore blood flow to the affected heart muscle as quickly as possible.
Chronic total occlusion PCI is a specialised angioplasty procedure used to treat coronary arteries that have been completely blocked for an extended period. The intervention may require advanced guidewire techniques and specialised equipment. Suitability depends on symptoms, coronary anatomy and procedural risk.
Left main coronary angioplasty treats significant narrowing in the artery supplying a large portion of the heart muscle. It requires careful assessment of the coronary anatomy and overall cardiovascular condition. Treatment decisions may involve comparing catheter-based intervention with coronary bypass surgery.
Multivessel PCI addresses significant blockages affecting more than one coronary artery. Treatment may be performed during one or multiple procedures depending on the patient's condition. The decision considers disease complexity, heart function, associated illnesses and alternative treatment options.
Pacemaker implantation involves placing an electronic device that helps maintain an appropriate heart rate in selected patients with slow heart rhythms or conduction abnormalities. The device delivers electrical impulses when needed. Implantation is recommended according to symptoms and documented rhythm findings.
An automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator monitors heart rhythm and can deliver therapy for certain life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. It may be considered for selected patients at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Patient eligibility depends on heart function, rhythm history and clinical criteria.
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy uses specialised pacing devices to improve coordination between the heart's ventricles in selected patients with heart failure. CRT-P provides pacing therapy, while CRT-D also includes defibrillation capability. Device selection depends on individual clinical indications.
Conduction system pacing techniques aim to stimulate the heart's natural electrical pathways more directly. Left bundle branch area pacing and left bundle branch-optimised cardiac resynchronisation therapy may be considered in selected patients requiring advanced pacing strategies. Suitability depends on cardiac anatomy and electrical findings.
Atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects are openings in the walls separating heart chambers. Selected defects may be closed using catheter-delivered devices rather than open surgery. Treatment depends on the defect's size, location, surrounding structures and effect on circulation.
Patent ductus arteriosus and ruptured sinus of Valsalva are structural cardiovascular conditions that may be suitable for catheter-based closure in selected patients. Specialist imaging and haemodynamic assessment help determine whether a closure device is appropriate or whether surgery is required.
Balloon valvuloplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to widen selected narrowed heart valves. A balloon is positioned across the affected valve and inflated to improve opening. Suitability depends on valve anatomy, the type of valve disease and the patient's clinical condition.
An electrophysiology study evaluates the heart's electrical activity using specialised catheters. It may help identify the cause of certain abnormal heart rhythms and guide treatment decisions. The procedure is performed when non-invasive rhythm investigations do not provide sufficient information or intervention is being considered.
Cardiac catheter ablation treats selected abnormal heart rhythms by targeting small areas of tissue responsible for faulty electrical signals. The procedure uses specialised catheters and energy delivery techniques. Success and suitability vary according to the arrhythmia and underlying heart condition.
Peripheral angiography evaluates blood vessels outside the heart using catheter-based imaging. When a significant narrowing is identified, angioplasty may be considered to improve circulation. Treatment depends on symptoms, vascular anatomy, associated medical conditions and the expected benefit of intervention.