Coronary angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure used to widen narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon is inflated at the affected site, and a stent may be inserted to maintain blood flow. Treatment is considered according to coronary anatomy, symptoms and the patient's overall cardiovascular condition.
Complex coronary angioplasty addresses challenging arterial blockages involving calcification, bifurcations, left main disease or other difficult anatomical features. Specialised techniques and imaging may be used to guide treatment. Procedure selection depends on the severity of disease and individual patient risk.
Rotational atherectomy, also called rotablation, uses a specialised rotating device to modify heavily calcified plaque within coronary arteries. It may help prepare selected lesions for balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Careful imaging and procedural planning are important for safe treatment.
Intravascular ultrasound uses a miniature ultrasound probe inside a coronary artery to visualise the vessel wall and plaque. During angioplasty, IVUS may help assess lesion characteristics, select stent dimensions and evaluate the final result of the intervention.
Optical coherence tomography provides high-resolution images of the coronary artery interior. It can assist with evaluating plaque, measuring vessel dimensions and assessing stent placement. OCT guidance is selected according to the clinical situation and procedural requirements.
Fractional flow reserve and diastolic pressure ratio measurements help determine whether a coronary artery narrowing significantly affects blood flow. These physiological assessments can support decisions about whether an angioplasty procedure is necessary or whether medical treatment may be more appropriate.
Left main coronary artery disease affects a major vessel supplying blood to the heart. Catheter-based stenting may be considered in selected patients after detailed evaluation of coronary anatomy and clinical risk. Treatment planning may involve discussion of angioplasty and bypass surgery options.
Bifurcation stenting treats coronary artery disease involving a vessel branch point. These lesions can require specialised techniques to maintain blood flow through the main vessel and side branch. The procedural strategy depends on vessel anatomy and the severity of narrowing.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation, or TAVI, is a minimally invasive procedure used to replace a severely narrowed aortic valve in appropriately selected patients. A replacement valve is delivered through a catheter. Suitability depends on valve anatomy, symptoms and multidisciplinary assessment.
Balloon mitral valvotomy is used to widen a narrowed mitral valve in selected patients with mitral stenosis. A balloon catheter is positioned across the valve and inflated to improve opening. Echocardiographic assessment helps determine whether the valve anatomy is suitable.
Atrial septal defect device closure treats selected openings between the upper chambers of the heart. A closure device is delivered through a catheter, avoiding open surgery in suitable cases. Eligibility depends on the defect's size, location and surrounding cardiac structures.
Left atrial appendage closure is a catheter-based procedure considered for selected patients with atrial fibrillation who require stroke-risk reduction but may not be suitable for long-term anticoagulation. Assessment includes cardiac imaging, stroke risk and bleeding risk evaluation.
Aortic stenting is an endovascular procedure used for selected conditions affecting the aorta. A stent or stent graft is positioned through a catheter to support the affected vessel. Treatment depends on the underlying abnormality, vascular anatomy and clinical risk.
Renal artery stenting may be considered in selected patients with significant narrowing of an artery supplying the kidney. The procedure uses a catheter to widen the affected segment and place a stent when appropriate. Patient selection requires careful evaluation of kidney function and clinical indications.
A permanent pacemaker is an implanted device used to manage selected slow heart rhythms or conduction abnormalities. It delivers electrical impulses when necessary to maintain an appropriate heart rate. Implantation decisions are based on symptoms, rhythm recordings and established clinical criteria.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators detect and treat certain dangerous heart rhythms. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy defibrillators additionally coordinate ventricular contraction in selected patients with heart failure. The appropriate device is chosen after detailed evaluation of heart function, rhythm abnormalities and clinical risk.