Coronary angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to widen narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A balloon catheter is positioned inside the affected artery, and a stent may be placed when appropriate. The procedure may help restore blood flow in selected patients with coronary artery disease.
Complex coronary angioplasty treats challenging arterial blockages involving calcified lesions, branching vessels or difficult coronary anatomy. These procedures require specialised techniques and careful planning. Treatment suitability depends on the location of the blockage, heart function and the patient's overall condition.
Pacemaker implantation involves placing a small electronic device to help regulate selected abnormally slow heart rhythms. The device delivers electrical impulses when required to maintain an appropriate heart rate. Implantation decisions depend on symptoms, rhythm investigations and established clinical indications.
An automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator monitors heart rhythm and can deliver treatment for certain dangerous ventricular arrhythmias. It may be recommended for selected patients at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Eligibility depends on the underlying cardiac disease and clinical assessment.
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy uses a specialised implanted device to coordinate ventricular contractions in selected patients with heart failure. It may improve symptoms and cardiac function when electrical conduction abnormalities are present. Patient selection follows established clinical and echocardiographic criteria.
Balloon mitral valvotomy is a catheter-based procedure used to widen a narrowed mitral valve in appropriately selected patients. A balloon is positioned across the valve and inflated to improve opening. Suitability depends on valve anatomy, severity of narrowing and associated cardiac findings.
Right heart catheterisation measures pressures within the right side of the heart and pulmonary circulation. It helps evaluate selected conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and complex heart failure. The findings provide important information for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Coronary artery disease develops when plaque narrows arteries supplying blood to the heart. Evaluation includes symptom assessment, cardiovascular risk review and appropriate cardiac investigations. Treatment may involve lifestyle modification, medication or coronary intervention depending on disease severity.
Cardiac rhythm assessment investigates abnormalities in heartbeat that may cause palpitations, dizziness or fainting. Evaluation may involve electrocardiography and ambulatory rhythm monitoring. Treatment depends on the type of arrhythmia and may include medication or device-based management.