Normal delivery (vaginal delivery) is the natural birth process where the baby passes through the birth canal. It usually involves shorter hospital stay and faster recovery. C‑section is a surgical procedure where the baby is delivered through an incision in the abdomen and uterus. It is performed when vaginal delivery poses risks to mother or baby (e.g., abnormal position, placental issues, foetal distress, or high‑risk pregnancies).

High‑risk pregnancies include conditions like maternal age (>35 or <18), diabetes, hypertension, multiple gestations (twins/triplets), previous C‑section, heart disease, or foetal anomalies. Management includes closer monitoring (frequent ultrasounds, blood tests, foetal heart rate tracing), specialised medications, lifestyle modifications, and planning for delivery in a tertiary care setting with NICU and critical care backup.

Preventive oncology focuses on reducing cancer risk through screening (Pap smear, HPV testing), vaccination (HPV vaccine for cervical cancer), lifestyle counselling, and early detection of pre‑cancerous conditions (e.g., cervical dysplasia). It also includes risk‑reducing surgeries (e.g., prophylactic hysterectomy or oophorectomy) in high‑genetic‑risk women (BRCA mutation carriers).